Reference:Movements: Difference between revisions

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The early Oyster chronograph references use Valjoux ébauches, with Rolex caliber designations that should be kept distinct from the maker’s base number. Available auction records support a limited Cal. 13 / Valjoux 23-family entry. Ebauches S.A.'s 1951 technical guide labels a two-pusher, 13-ligne movement “VZ 23” ([https://myretrowatches.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Valjoux-VZ-23-Technical-Guide.pdf technical guide, 2nd edition March 1953]). That nomenclature does not establish Rolex fitment. The Cal. 13 evidence discussed here concerns the 3525 and does not identify every early Rolex chronograph movement.

For ref. [[Reference:2057|2057]], Phillips describes a manual movement. The 2026 FutureGrail catalogue transcription attributes a 13-ligne Valjoux base by Reymond Frères and 17 jewels; its photograph shows the Rolex signature and jewel count, while the caliber and maker remain unreadable. Treat this as a lot attribution, not a confirmed caliber assignment.

Ref. [[Reference:2021|2021]] is a pre-Oyster monopusher. Published descriptions give movement sizes from 13 to 16½ lignes; Uhrenkosmos names a Valjoux VZ in one early monopusher, while auction catalogues describe different executions. The available records do not support a reference-wide caliber assignment. Keep these descriptions separate from the Cal. 13 entry below. [https://www.uhrenkosmos.com/rolex-daytona-seine-technik-und-geschichte/ Uhrenkosmos, early monopusher movement] [https://www.phillips.com/detail/rolex/115419 Phillips, case 12'010] [https://www.cambiaste.com/it/asta-0795/rolex---rarissimo-cronografo-due-contatori-da-polso-monopulsante-in-ac-270066 Cambi, steel case 14xxx]

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The Cal. 300 examples described here have no identified shock-protection system. Incabloc dates the start of its production to 1933 and the later lyre-spring design to 1938. Those dates alone cannot establish the fittings in a particular Prince.

Several UK auction catalogues treat the three- and four-digit numbers found on movements in refs 1862, 1490, and 1855 as calibers. The documented numbers are 510, 579, 841, 1004, 1130, and 1439, with weaker evidence for 701 and a single record of 1759. They are almost certainly movement serials read from the plate. Continental catalogues identify the same movement class by grade and the T.S. size code instead. Cal. 414 and Cal. 527 have no documented connection to the Rolex Prince. The number 971A is a Prince case reference, not an established caliber designation; Antiquorum catalogued that reference in 1989 with a T.S./300-family movement. Fabsuisse labels the movement in its separate ref. 3937 dealer listing “Cal. 971A,” but the auction records reviewed here do not confirm that designation. Treat it as an unverified dealer attribution unless a readable movement marking supports it.

Several UK auction catalogues treat the three- and four-digit numbers found on movements in refs 1862, 1490, and 1855 as calibers. The documented numbers are 510, 579, 841, 1004, 1130, and 1439, with weaker evidence for 701 and a single record of 1759. They are almost certainly movement serials read from the plate. A 2024 Alexandre Landre listing of ref. 1855 calls another movement “Rolex 318”; its lot photographs do not show a readable marking, so this remains an unverified catalogue label. Continental catalogues identify the same movement class by grade and the T.S. size code instead. Cal. 414 and Cal. 527 have no documented connection to the Rolex Prince. The number 971A is a Prince case reference, not an established caliber designation; Antiquorum catalogued that reference in 1989 with a T.S./300-family movement. Fabsuisse labels the movement in its separate ref. 3937 dealer listing “Cal. 971A,” but the auction records reviewed here do not confirm that designation. Treat it as an unverified dealer attribution unless a readable movement marking supports it.

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|-

| 510

| Prince Brancard ref. 1855, serial 143**, circa 1930

| Prince Brancard ref. 1855, case 14368 (Bonhams photograph); Christie’s separately identifies case 14382, circa 1930

| "17-jewel Cal.510 manual wind movement tested to 8 positions"

| 8-~~position adjustment~~, ~~against the more typical 6~~

| Bonhams photograph shows 510 and 17 Rubies on case 14368; a separate Alexandre Landre listing calls another ref. 1855 movement Rolex 318, without a readable mark. [https://www.alexandrelandre.com/lot/148418/25180425-rolex-prince-ref-1855-montre-bracelet-en-acier-et-deux Alexandre Landre, lot 30]

|-

| 579

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=== Cal. 635 ===

Cal. 635 belongs to the early automatic family related to Cal. 620. General movement references describe a subsidiary-seconds layout, 17 jewels and a larger movement than the 9¾-ligne measurements in two 3130 auction entries. Antiquorum catalogued 3130 cases 54932 and 474617 with Cal. 635, 19 jewels, 9¾ lignes and subsidiary seconds ([lot 256](https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-108-256); [lot 169](https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-108-169)). Christie's identified case 443093 as Cal. 635 with 19 jewels but centre seconds ([2007 lot 2858](https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5008631)). The latter catalogue description conflicts with the usual seconds layout. Without a visible caliber stamp, keep the centre-seconds attribution attached to that lot; do not treat it as a confirmed Cal. 635 variant.

Cal. 635 belongs to the early automatic family related to Cal. 620. General movement references describe a subsidiary-seconds layout, 17 jewels and a larger movement than the 9¾-ligne measurements in two 3130 auction entries. Antiquorum catalogued 3130 cases 54932 and 474617 with Cal. 635, 19 jewels, 9¾ lignes and subsidiary seconds ([lot 256](https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-108-256); [lot 169](https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-108-169)). Christie's identified case 443093 as Cal. 635 with 19 jewels but centre seconds ([2007 lot 2858](https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5008631)). The latter catalogue description conflicts with the usual seconds layout. Without a visible caliber stamp, keep the centre-seconds attribution attached to that lot; do not treat it as a confirmed Cal. 635 variant. Anderson & Garland also attributes manual-wind Cal. 635 to a 5052 with an incomplete 663xxx case serial and movement no. 319xx. Stockholms Auktionsverk's case 663654 photographs show an automatic rotor and list movement no. 31883/F37.519. The similar serial prefix may refer to the same case, but the different movement number and winding descriptions leave the relationship unresolved. [https://www.andersonandgarland.com/auction/lot/lot-421---a-rolex-oyster-perpetual-stainless-steel-wristwatch/?lot=371857&sd=1 Anderson & Garland, lot 421] [https://auctionet.com/fi/2105792-rolex-bubleback-rannekello-teras-automaatti-1950-luku Stockholms Auktionsverk, lot 2105792]

Antiquorum's 2008 catalogue assigns Cal. 635 to ref. [[Reference:3716|3716]], case 156649, and describes a 9¾-ligne, 19-jewel movement. That listing conflicts with the Cal. 620 attribution in Marcus Siems's Empire study; the movement-size description does not by itself establish a numeric caliber. [https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-209-284 Antiquorum, lot 284].

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Produced from 1959 to 1965, Cal. 1565 is the early ref. 1675's "caller" GMT movement: its 24-hour hand remains linked to the main hour hand rather than independently adjustable. Rolex kept that layout until Cal. 3085. The 1565 introduced a free-sprung Breguet overcoil with Microstella regulation to this lineage, replacing the index used by earlier sport calibers. Rolex's [https://www.emmywatch.com/wp-content/plugins/watchsearch/inc/documents/rolex--1565--movement_parts.pdf Cal. 1565 parts sheet] describes an automatic calendar movement, shows "1560" engraved on its self-winding bridge, and lists part 7956, the date-indicator seating, for refs. 1500, 1501 and 1503. The [https://www.clubderelojeria.com/comunicaciones/R/ROLEX/rolex1575/ROLEX%201575.pdf Cal. 1575 parts catalogue] lists date-indicator parts for those same case references. The Vintage Rolex Field Manual also lists [[Reference:1500|ref. 1500]] in its Cal. 1565 Date table ([https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/0b5fdf83/files/uploaded/1.0%20RolexBook-23Mar.pdf The Vintage Rolex Field Manual, caliber table]). These factory lists document service-parts applications; movement-level inspection determines the caliber fitted to a particular watch. Auction catalogues call ~~ref~~. 1501 Cal. 1560 or 1570, matching the bridge numbers shown in the 1565 and 1575 parts sheets. The records leave watch-specific fitment and changeover years unresolved. See [[Reference:1500|ref. 1500]], [[Reference:1501|ref. 1501]] ~~and~~ [[Reference:1503|ref. 1503]].

Produced from 1959 to 1965, Cal. 1565 is the early ref. 1675's "caller" GMT movement: its 24-hour hand remains linked to the main hour hand rather than independently adjustable. Rolex kept that layout until Cal. 3085. The 1565 introduced a free-sprung Breguet overcoil with Microstella regulation to this lineage, replacing the index used by earlier sport calibers. Rolex's [https://www.emmywatch.com/wp-content/plugins/watchsearch/inc/documents/rolex--1565--movement_parts.pdf Cal. 1565 parts sheet] describes an automatic calendar movement, shows "1560" engraved on its self-winding bridge, and lists part 7956, the date-indicator seating, for refs. 1500, 1501 and 1503. The [https://www.clubderelojeria.com/comunicaciones/R/ROLEX/rolex1575/ROLEX%201575.pdf Cal. 1575 parts catalogue] lists date-indicator parts for those same case references. The Vintage Rolex Field Manual also lists [[Reference:1500|ref. 1500]] in its Cal. 1565 Date table ([https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/0b5fdf83/files/uploaded/1.0%20RolexBook-23Mar.pdf The Vintage Rolex Field Manual, caliber table]). These factory lists document service-parts applications; movement-level inspection determines the caliber fitted to a particular watch. Auction catalogues call refs. 1501 and 1507 Cal. 1560 or 1570, matching the bridge numbers shown in the 1565 and 1575 parts sheets. For the 1507, the auction examples include joint 1503/1507 attributions; no movement photograph confirms the exact caliber. The records leave watch-specific fitment and changeover years unresolved. See [[Reference:1500|ref. 1500]], [[Reference:1501|ref. 1501]], [[Reference:1503|ref. 1503]] and [[Reference:1507|ref. 1507]].

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Cal. 1570 is the 19,800-vph revision of the 1560, introduced in 1965. Christie’s identifies Cal. 1570 in ref. 1011 case 692498, dated circa 1962; its lot chronology overlaps the ref. 1011 Cal. 1560 examples and does not establish a changeover. See [[Reference:1011|ref. 1011]]. Monaco Legend lists Cal. 1570 in a 1966 pink-gold 1013, Gazette Drouot in a circa-1968 example and Rago in a 1978 example. The 1013 records document both calibers but leave their changeover unresolved. See [[Reference:1013|ref. 1013]]. One Artcurial ref. 1005 lot is catalogued with Cal. 1550, despite a chronometer-dial description; other 1005 catalogues list 1560 or 1570. This single lot does not establish a 1005 movement variant or resolve whether the movement is original. It retains the free-sprung Breguet overcoil and Microstella regulation, with adjustment to temperature and five positions. Family-wide bridge engraving causes date movements such as the 1575 in a ref. 1665 to appear marked 1570; the engraving alone does not identify the exact caliber. Phillips identifies Cal. 1570 in a circa-1985 ref. 1024, while Dorotheum lists it on a circa-1965/70 example; those ref. 1024 dates overlap its Cal. 1560 records. Christie’s, Antiquorum, Phillips, Dorotheum and Bonhams also catalogue Cal. 1570 in ref. 1501 examples; see [[Reference:1501|ref. 1501]]. These lot labels do not establish a 1501 changeover year. Heritage (circa 1960; its case serial conflicts with the chart date), Christie's (circa 1969 and 1977), Sotheby's (circa 1977 and 1978), and Cambi (circa 1971, with a disputed all-steel attribution) identify Cal. 1570 in individual ref. 1505 watches. These lot descriptions document reported fitment, not a reference-wide caliber rule or changeover. See [[Reference:1505|ref. 1505]]. [https://jewelry.ha.com/itm/timepieces/wristwatch/rolex-ref-1505-early-two-tone-oyster-perpetual-date-circa-1960/a/5563-54188.s Heritage]; [https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5257457 Christie's]; [https://onlineonly.christies.com/s/christies-watches-online/rolex-two-tone-date-ref-1505-227/67553 Christie's]; [https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2024/fine-watches/date-reference-1505-montre-bracelet-en-acier-et-or Sotheby's]; [https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2023/fine-watches-2/reference-1505-oyster-perpetual-date-a-yellow-gold Sotheby's]; [https://www.cambiaste.com/uploads/auctions/1081-cambi_orologi_999_2024_12_eb.pdf Cambi].

Cal. 1570 is the 19,800-vph revision of the 1560, introduced in 1965. Christie’s identifies Cal. 1570 in ref. 1011 case 692498, dated circa 1962; its lot chronology overlaps the ref. 1011 Cal. 1560 examples and does not establish a changeover. See [[Reference:1011|ref. 1011]]. Monaco Legend lists Cal. 1570 in a 1966 pink-gold 1013, Gazette Drouot in a circa-1968 example and Rago in a 1978 example. The 1013 records document both calibers but leave their changeover unresolved. See [[Reference:1013|ref. 1013]]. One Artcurial ref. 1005 lot is catalogued with Cal. 1550, despite a chronometer-dial description; other 1005 catalogues list 1560 or 1570. This single lot does not establish a 1005 movement variant or resolve whether the movement is original. It retains the free-sprung Breguet overcoil and Microstella regulation, with adjustment to temperature and five positions. Family-wide bridge engraving causes date movements such as the 1575 in a ref. 1665 to appear marked 1570; the engraving alone does not identify the exact caliber. Phillips identifies Cal. 1570 in a circa-1985 ref. 1024, while Dorotheum lists it on a circa-1965/70 example; those ref. 1024 dates overlap its Cal. 1560 records. Christie’s, Antiquorum, Phillips, Dorotheum and Bonhams also catalogue Cal. 1570 in ref. 1501 examples; see [[Reference:1501|ref. 1501]]. These lot labels do not establish a 1501 changeover year. Heritage (circa 1960; its case serial conflicts with the chart date), Christie's (circa 1969 and 1977), Sotheby's (circa 1977 and 1978), and Cambi (circa 1971, with a disputed all-steel attribution) identify Cal. 1570 in individual ref. 1505 watches. These lot descriptions document reported fitment, not a reference-wide caliber rule or changeover. See [[Reference:1505|ref. 1505]]. [https://jewelry.ha.com/itm/timepieces/wristwatch/rolex-ref-1505-early-two-tone-oyster-perpetual-date-circa-1960/a/5563-54188.s Heritage]; [https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5257457 Christie's]; [https://onlineonly.christies.com/s/christies-watches-online/rolex-two-tone-date-ref-1505-227/67553 Christie's]; [https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2024/fine-watches/date-reference-1505-montre-bracelet-en-acier-et-or Sotheby's]; [https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2023/fine-watches-2/reference-1505-oyster-perpetual-date-a-yellow-gold Sotheby's]; [https://www.cambiaste.com/uploads/auctions/1081-cambi_orologi_999_2024_12_eb.pdf Cambi]. Phillips identifies Cal. 1570 in the white-gold ref. [[Reference:1504|1504]] sold in 2016; Eguchi lists the caliber, and the photographed W3674 example shows the same bridge marking in a yellow-gold watch. These records document individual watches, not a caliber changeover. [https://www.dist.phillips.com/content/web/auctions/HK080216/HK080216_zh_1.pdf Phillips, lot 1068] [https://eguchi-store.jp/stocklist/287626/ Eguchi, item 287626] [https://bulangandsons.de/products/rolex-oyster-perpetual-date-grey-brick-dial-moreau-finish-with-brick-bracelet-ref-1504-in-18-k-yellow-gold-w3674 W3674 item listing].

Waddington’s lists Cal. 1570 in ref. 1023/8B and dates it circa 1964. That estimate predates the 1965 start date used here for Cal. 1570; Pergola’s unofficial chart places serial 902827 in 1962. Hess and Watch.de identify Cal. 1570 on other 1023 listings, and a 2022 Rolex Forums photograph shows a rotor marked 1570 inside an outer case stamped 1023. Kaplans also lists Cal. 1570 for serial 2,186,841; Watch.de masks its serial as 2186xxx, and their other matching details suggest a repeat listing. These records document the caliber on individual watches, but they do not establish first fitment or a changeover; see [[Reference:1023|1023]].

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Rolex engraved the 1575 bridge "1570," so that marking on a ref. 1680 or 1675 identifies the caliber family. Factory parts records distinguish 1565G, 1575, 1575G and 1575GMT. Date and GMT versions are separately catalogued builds, and the GMT parts also circulated as a conversion set for a standard 1560 or 1570.

The 1575 shares factory balance assembly 8106 with the 1570 and related family members. It has shock protection on the escape wheel on both dial and movement sides, as well as on the balance. The Vintage Rolex Field Manual lists [[Reference:1500|ref. 1500]] as a Date fitment in its Cal. 1575 table ([https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/0b5fdf83/files/uploaded/1.0%20RolexBook-23Mar.pdf The Vintage Rolex Field Manual, caliber table]); a [https://www.clubderelojeria.com/comunicaciones/R/ROLEX/rolex1575/ROLEX%201575.pdf Rolex Cal. 1575 parts catalogue] lists date-indicator parts for refs. 1500, 1501 and 1503. Auction catalogues more often describe 1500 examples as Cal. 1570. [https://www.bobswatches.com/rolex-blog/watch-review/vintage-week-rolex-oyster-perpetual-chronometer-date-ref-1500.html Bob’s Watches] explains the 1570 bridge engraving on date-equipped 1575-family movements; the engraving alone does not establish the caliber beneath it. The available records do not identify a watch-specific changeover. Other documented fitments include the Submariner 1680, GMT-Master 1675 from about the 1.4-million serial range, Explorer II 1655 and Sea-Dweller 1665.

The 1575 shares factory balance assembly 8106 with the 1570 and related family members. It has shock protection on the escape wheel on both dial and movement sides, as well as on the balance. The Vintage Rolex Field Manual lists [[Reference:1500|ref. 1500]] as a Date fitment in its Cal. 1575 table ([https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/0b5fdf83/files/uploaded/1.0%20RolexBook-23Mar.pdf The Vintage Rolex Field Manual, caliber table]); a [https://www.clubderelojeria.com/comunicaciones/R/ROLEX/rolex1575/ROLEX%201575.pdf Rolex Cal. 1575 parts catalogue] lists date-indicator parts for refs. 1500, 1501 and 1503. Auction catalogues more often describe 1500 examples as Cal. 1570. [https://www.bobswatches.com/rolex-blog/watch-review/vintage-week-rolex-oyster-perpetual-chronometer-date-ref-1500.html Bob’s Watches] explains the 1570 bridge engraving on date-equipped 1575-family movements; the engraving alone does not establish the caliber beneath it. The available records do not identify a watch-specific changeover. For ref. [[Reference:1506|1506]], two auction catalogues identify Cal. 1570; one seller lists 1575 although its movement photograph shows a 1570-marked bridge. The inner caseback in that photograph is stamped 1503. These are object-level records and do not establish a caliber sequence for the reference. Other documented fitments include the Submariner 1680, GMT-Master 1675 from about the 1.4-million serial range, Explorer II 1655 and Sea-Dweller 1665. Auction catalogues identify the date-equipped [[Reference:1510|ref. 1510]] as Cal. 1570, and Monaco Legend’s movement photo shows a 1570-marked bridge with 26 jewels. The cited parts lists contain no ref. 1510 entry. Cal. 1570 remains the auction-house attribution, and the photographed marking is object-level evidence; exact reference fitment is unconfirmed.

@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 The early Oyster chronograph references use Valjoux ébauches, with Rolex caliber designations that should be kept distinct from the maker’s base number. Available auction records support a limited Cal. 13 / Valjoux 23-family entry. Ebauches S.A.'s 1951 technical guide labels a two-pusher, 13-ligne movement “VZ 23” ([https://myretrowatches.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Valjoux-VZ-23-Technical-Guide.pdf technical guide, 2nd edition March 1953]). That nomenclature does not establish Rolex fitment. The Cal. 13 evidence discussed here concerns the 3525 and does not identify every early Rolex chronograph movement.
+For ref. [[Reference:2057|2057]], Phillips describes a manual movement. The 2026 FutureGrail catalogue transcription attributes a 13-ligne Valjoux base by Reymond Frères and 17 jewels; its photograph shows the Rolex signature and jewel count, while the caliber and maker remain unreadable. Treat this as a lot attribution, not a confirmed caliber assignment.
 Ref. [[Reference:2021|2021]] is a pre-Oyster monopusher. Published descriptions give movement sizes from 13 to 16½ lignes; Uhrenkosmos names a Valjoux VZ in one early monopusher, while auction catalogues describe different executions. The available records do not support a reference-wide caliber assignment. Keep these descriptions separate from the Cal. 13 entry below. [https://www.uhrenkosmos.com/rolex-daytona-seine-technik-und-geschichte/ Uhrenkosmos, early monopusher movement] [https://www.phillips.com/detail/rolex/115419 Phillips, case 12'010] [https://www.cambiaste.com/it/asta-0795/rolex---rarissimo-cronografo-due-contatori-da-polso-monopulsante-in-ac-270066 Cambi, steel case 14xxx]
@@ Line 119: / Line 121: @@
 The Cal. 300 examples described here have no identified shock-protection system. Incabloc dates the start of its production to 1933 and the later lyre-spring design to 1938. Those dates alone cannot establish the fittings in a particular Prince.
-Several UK auction catalogues treat the three- and four-digit numbers found on movements in refs 1862, 1490, and 1855 as calibers. The documented numbers are 510, 579, 841, 1004, 1130, and 1439, with weaker evidence for 701 and a single record of 1759. They are almost certainly movement serials read from the plate. Continental catalogues identify the same movement class by grade and the T.S. size code instead. Cal. 414 and Cal. 527 have no documented connection to the Rolex Prince. The number 971A is a Prince case reference, not an established caliber designation; Antiquorum catalogued that reference in 1989 with a T.S./300-family movement. Fabsuisse labels the movement in its separate ref. 3937 dealer listing “Cal. 971A,” but the auction records reviewed here do not confirm that designation. Treat it as an unverified dealer attribution unless a readable movement marking supports it.
+Several UK auction catalogues treat the three- and four-digit numbers found on movements in refs 1862, 1490, and 1855 as calibers. The documented numbers are 510, 579, 841, 1004, 1130, and 1439, with weaker evidence for 701 and a single record of 1759. They are almost certainly movement serials read from the plate. A 2024 Alexandre Landre listing of ref. 1855 calls another movement “Rolex 318”; its lot photographs do not show a readable marking, so this remains an unverified catalogue label. Continental catalogues identify the same movement class by grade and the T.S. size code instead. Cal. 414 and Cal. 527 have no documented connection to the Rolex Prince. The number 971A is a Prince case reference, not an established caliber designation; Antiquorum catalogued that reference in 1989 with a T.S./300-family movement. Fabsuisse labels the movement in its separate ref. 3937 dealer listing “Cal. 971A,” but the auction records reviewed here do not confirm that designation. Treat it as an unverified dealer attribution unless a readable movement marking supports it.
 <span id="cal-300-ts"></span>
@@ Line 225: / Line 227: @@
 |-
 | 510
-| Prince Brancard ref. 1855, serial 143**, circa 1930
+| Prince Brancard ref. 1855, case 14368 (Bonhams photograph); Christie’s separately identifies case 14382, circa 1930
 | "17-jewel Cal.510 manual wind movement tested to 8 positions"
-| 8-position adjustment, against the more typical 6
+| Bonhams photograph shows 510 and 17 Rubies on case 14368; a separate Alexandre Landre listing calls another ref. 1855 movement Rolex 318, without a readable mark. [https://www.alexandrelandre.com/lot/148418/25180425-rolex-prince-ref-1855-montre-bracelet-en-acier-et-deux Alexandre Landre, lot 30]
 |-
 | 579
@@ Line 535: / Line 537: @@
 === Cal. 635 ===
-Cal. 635 belongs to the early automatic family related to Cal. 620. General movement references describe a subsidiary-seconds layout, 17 jewels and a larger movement than the 9¾-ligne measurements in two 3130 auction entries. Antiquorum catalogued 3130 cases 54932 and 474617 with Cal. 635, 19 jewels, 9¾ lignes and subsidiary seconds ([lot 256](https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-108-256); [lot 169](https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-108-169)). Christie's identified case 443093 as Cal. 635 with 19 jewels but centre seconds ([2007 lot 2858](https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5008631)). The latter catalogue description conflicts with the usual seconds layout. Without a visible caliber stamp, keep the centre-seconds attribution attached to that lot; do not treat it as a confirmed Cal. 635 variant.
+Cal. 635 belongs to the early automatic family related to Cal. 620. General movement references describe a subsidiary-seconds layout, 17 jewels and a larger movement than the 9¾-ligne measurements in two 3130 auction entries. Antiquorum catalogued 3130 cases 54932 and 474617 with Cal. 635, 19 jewels, 9¾ lignes and subsidiary seconds ([lot 256](https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-108-256); [lot 169](https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-108-169)). Christie's identified case 443093 as Cal. 635 with 19 jewels but centre seconds ([2007 lot 2858](https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5008631)). The latter catalogue description conflicts with the usual seconds layout.  Without a visible caliber stamp, keep the centre-seconds attribution attached to that lot; do not treat it as a confirmed Cal. 635 variant. Anderson & Garland also attributes manual-wind Cal. 635 to a 5052 with an incomplete 663xxx case serial and movement no. 319xx. Stockholms Auktionsverk's case 663654 photographs show an automatic rotor and list movement no. 31883/F37.519. The similar serial prefix may refer to the same case, but the different movement number and winding descriptions leave the relationship unresolved. [https://www.andersonandgarland.com/auction/lot/lot-421---a-rolex-oyster-perpetual-stainless-steel-wristwatch/?lot=371857&sd=1 Anderson & Garland, lot 421] [https://auctionet.com/fi/2105792-rolex-bubleback-rannekello-teras-automaatti-1950-luku Stockholms Auktionsverk, lot 2105792]
 Antiquorum's 2008 catalogue assigns Cal. 635 to ref. [[Reference:3716|3716]], case 156649, and describes a 9¾-ligne, 19-jewel movement. That listing conflicts with the Cal. 620 attribution in Marcus Siems's Empire study; the movement-size description does not by itself establish a numeric caliber. [https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-209-284 Antiquorum, lot 284].
@@ Line 1,584: / Line 1,586: @@
 |}
-Produced from 1959 to 1965, Cal. 1565 is the early ref. 1675's "caller" GMT movement: its 24-hour hand remains linked to the main hour hand rather than independently adjustable. Rolex kept that layout until Cal. 3085. The 1565 introduced a free-sprung Breguet overcoil with Microstella regulation to this lineage, replacing the index used by earlier sport calibers. Rolex's [https://www.emmywatch.com/wp-content/plugins/watchsearch/inc/documents/rolex--1565--movement_parts.pdf Cal. 1565 parts sheet] describes an automatic calendar movement, shows "1560" engraved on its self-winding bridge, and lists part 7956, the date-indicator seating, for refs. 1500, 1501 and 1503. The [https://www.clubderelojeria.com/comunicaciones/R/ROLEX/rolex1575/ROLEX%201575.pdf Cal. 1575 parts catalogue] lists date-indicator parts for those same case references. The Vintage Rolex Field Manual also lists [[Reference:1500|ref. 1500]] in its Cal. 1565 Date table ([https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/0b5fdf83/files/uploaded/1.0%20RolexBook-23Mar.pdf The Vintage Rolex Field Manual, caliber table]). These factory lists document service-parts applications; movement-level inspection determines the caliber fitted to a particular watch. Auction catalogues call ref. 1501 Cal. 1560 or 1570, matching the bridge numbers shown in the 1565 and 1575 parts sheets. The records leave watch-specific fitment and changeover years unresolved. See [[Reference:1500|ref. 1500]], [[Reference:1501|ref. 1501]] and [[Reference:1503|ref. 1503]].
+Produced from 1959 to 1965, Cal. 1565 is the early ref. 1675's "caller" GMT movement: its 24-hour hand remains linked to the main hour hand rather than independently adjustable. Rolex kept that layout until Cal. 3085. The 1565 introduced a free-sprung Breguet overcoil with Microstella regulation to this lineage, replacing the index used by earlier sport calibers. Rolex's [https://www.emmywatch.com/wp-content/plugins/watchsearch/inc/documents/rolex--1565--movement_parts.pdf Cal. 1565 parts sheet] describes an automatic calendar movement, shows "1560" engraved on its self-winding bridge, and lists part 7956, the date-indicator seating, for refs. 1500, 1501 and 1503. The [https://www.clubderelojeria.com/comunicaciones/R/ROLEX/rolex1575/ROLEX%201575.pdf Cal. 1575 parts catalogue] lists date-indicator parts for those same case references. The Vintage Rolex Field Manual also lists [[Reference:1500|ref. 1500]] in its Cal. 1565 Date table ([https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/0b5fdf83/files/uploaded/1.0%20RolexBook-23Mar.pdf The Vintage Rolex Field Manual, caliber table]). These factory lists document service-parts applications; movement-level inspection determines the caliber fitted to a particular watch. Auction catalogues call refs. 1501 and 1507 Cal. 1560 or 1570, matching the bridge numbers shown in the 1565 and 1575 parts sheets. For the 1507, the auction examples include joint 1503/1507 attributions; no movement photograph confirms the exact caliber. The records leave watch-specific fitment and changeover years unresolved. See [[Reference:1500|ref. 1500]], [[Reference:1501|ref. 1501]], [[Reference:1503|ref. 1503]] and [[Reference:1507|ref. 1507]].
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-Cal. 1570 is the 19,800-vph revision of the 1560, introduced in 1965. Christie’s identifies Cal. 1570 in ref. 1011 case 692498, dated circa 1962; its lot chronology overlaps the ref. 1011 Cal. 1560 examples and does not establish a changeover. See [[Reference:1011|ref. 1011]]. Monaco Legend lists Cal. 1570 in a 1966 pink-gold 1013, Gazette Drouot in a circa-1968 example and Rago in a 1978 example. The 1013 records document both calibers but leave their changeover unresolved. See [[Reference:1013|ref. 1013]]. One Artcurial ref. 1005 lot is catalogued with Cal. 1550, despite a chronometer-dial description; other 1005 catalogues list 1560 or 1570. This single lot does not establish a 1005 movement variant or resolve whether the movement is original. It retains the free-sprung Breguet overcoil and Microstella regulation, with adjustment to temperature and five positions. Family-wide bridge engraving causes date movements such as the 1575 in a ref. 1665 to appear marked 1570; the engraving alone does not identify the exact caliber. Phillips identifies Cal. 1570 in a circa-1985 ref. 1024, while Dorotheum lists it on a circa-1965/70 example; those ref. 1024 dates overlap its Cal. 1560 records. Christie’s, Antiquorum, Phillips, Dorotheum and Bonhams also catalogue Cal. 1570 in ref. 1501 examples; see [[Reference:1501|ref. 1501]]. These lot labels do not establish a 1501 changeover year. Heritage (circa 1960; its case serial conflicts with the chart date), Christie's (circa 1969 and 1977), Sotheby's (circa 1977 and 1978), and Cambi (circa 1971, with a disputed all-steel attribution) identify Cal. 1570 in individual ref. 1505 watches. These lot descriptions document reported fitment, not a reference-wide caliber rule or changeover. See [[Reference:1505|ref. 1505]]. [https://jewelry.ha.com/itm/timepieces/wristwatch/rolex-ref-1505-early-two-tone-oyster-perpetual-date-circa-1960/a/5563-54188.s Heritage]; [https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5257457 Christie's]; [https://onlineonly.christies.com/s/christies-watches-online/rolex-two-tone-date-ref-1505-227/67553 Christie's]; [https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2024/fine-watches/date-reference-1505-montre-bracelet-en-acier-et-or Sotheby's]; [https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2023/fine-watches-2/reference-1505-oyster-perpetual-date-a-yellow-gold Sotheby's]; [https://www.cambiaste.com/uploads/auctions/1081-cambi_orologi_999_2024_12_eb.pdf Cambi].
+Cal. 1570 is the 19,800-vph revision of the 1560, introduced in 1965. Christie’s identifies Cal. 1570 in ref. 1011 case 692498, dated circa 1962; its lot chronology overlaps the ref. 1011 Cal. 1560 examples and does not establish a changeover. See [[Reference:1011|ref. 1011]]. Monaco Legend lists Cal. 1570 in a 1966 pink-gold 1013, Gazette Drouot in a circa-1968 example and Rago in a 1978 example. The 1013 records document both calibers but leave their changeover unresolved. See [[Reference:1013|ref. 1013]]. One Artcurial ref. 1005 lot is catalogued with Cal. 1550, despite a chronometer-dial description; other 1005 catalogues list 1560 or 1570. This single lot does not establish a 1005 movement variant or resolve whether the movement is original. It retains the free-sprung Breguet overcoil and Microstella regulation, with adjustment to temperature and five positions. Family-wide bridge engraving causes date movements such as the 1575 in a ref. 1665 to appear marked 1570; the engraving alone does not identify the exact caliber. Phillips identifies Cal. 1570 in a circa-1985 ref. 1024, while Dorotheum lists it on a circa-1965/70 example; those ref. 1024 dates overlap its Cal. 1560 records. Christie’s, Antiquorum, Phillips, Dorotheum and Bonhams also catalogue Cal. 1570 in ref. 1501 examples; see [[Reference:1501|ref. 1501]]. These lot labels do not establish a 1501 changeover year. Heritage (circa 1960; its case serial conflicts with the chart date), Christie's (circa 1969 and 1977), Sotheby's (circa 1977 and 1978), and Cambi (circa 1971, with a disputed all-steel attribution) identify Cal. 1570 in individual ref. 1505 watches. These lot descriptions document reported fitment, not a reference-wide caliber rule or changeover. See [[Reference:1505|ref. 1505]]. [https://jewelry.ha.com/itm/timepieces/wristwatch/rolex-ref-1505-early-two-tone-oyster-perpetual-date-circa-1960/a/5563-54188.s Heritage]; [https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5257457 Christie's]; [https://onlineonly.christies.com/s/christies-watches-online/rolex-two-tone-date-ref-1505-227/67553 Christie's]; [https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2024/fine-watches/date-reference-1505-montre-bracelet-en-acier-et-or Sotheby's]; [https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2023/fine-watches-2/reference-1505-oyster-perpetual-date-a-yellow-gold Sotheby's]; [https://www.cambiaste.com/uploads/auctions/1081-cambi_orologi_999_2024_12_eb.pdf Cambi]. Phillips identifies Cal. 1570 in the white-gold ref. [[Reference:1504|1504]] sold in 2016; Eguchi lists the caliber, and the photographed W3674 example shows the same bridge marking in a yellow-gold watch. These records document individual watches, not a caliber changeover. [https://www.dist.phillips.com/content/web/auctions/HK080216/HK080216_zh_1.pdf Phillips, lot 1068] [https://eguchi-store.jp/stocklist/287626/ Eguchi, item 287626] [https://bulangandsons.de/products/rolex-oyster-perpetual-date-grey-brick-dial-moreau-finish-with-brick-bracelet-ref-1504-in-18-k-yellow-gold-w3674 W3674 item listing].
 Waddington’s lists Cal. 1570 in ref. 1023/8B and dates it circa 1964. That estimate predates the 1965 start date used here for Cal. 1570; Pergola’s unofficial chart places serial 902827 in 1962. Hess and Watch.de identify Cal. 1570 on other 1023 listings, and a 2022 Rolex Forums photograph shows a rotor marked 1570 inside an outer case stamped 1023. Kaplans also lists Cal. 1570 for serial 2,186,841; Watch.de masks its serial as 2186xxx, and their other matching details suggest a repeat listing. These records document the caliber on individual watches, but they do not establish first fitment or a changeover; see [[Reference:1023|1023]].
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 Rolex engraved the 1575 bridge "1570," so that marking on a ref. 1680 or 1675 identifies the caliber family. Factory parts records distinguish 1565G, 1575, 1575G and 1575GMT. Date and GMT versions are separately catalogued builds, and the GMT parts also circulated as a conversion set for a standard 1560 or 1570.
-The 1575 shares factory balance assembly 8106 with the 1570 and related family members. It has shock protection on the escape wheel on both dial and movement sides, as well as on the balance. The Vintage Rolex Field Manual lists [[Reference:1500|ref. 1500]] as a Date fitment in its Cal. 1575 table ([https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/0b5fdf83/files/uploaded/1.0%20RolexBook-23Mar.pdf The Vintage Rolex Field Manual, caliber table]); a [https://www.clubderelojeria.com/comunicaciones/R/ROLEX/rolex1575/ROLEX%201575.pdf Rolex Cal. 1575 parts catalogue] lists date-indicator parts for refs. 1500, 1501 and 1503. Auction catalogues more often describe 1500 examples as Cal. 1570. [https://www.bobswatches.com/rolex-blog/watch-review/vintage-week-rolex-oyster-perpetual-chronometer-date-ref-1500.html Bob’s Watches] explains the 1570 bridge engraving on date-equipped 1575-family movements; the engraving alone does not establish the caliber beneath it. The available records do not identify a watch-specific changeover. Other documented fitments include the Submariner 1680, GMT-Master 1675 from about the 1.4-million serial range, Explorer II 1655 and Sea-Dweller 1665.
+The 1575 shares factory balance assembly 8106 with the 1570 and related family members. It has shock protection on the escape wheel on both dial and movement sides, as well as on the balance. The Vintage Rolex Field Manual lists [[Reference:1500|ref. 1500]] as a Date fitment in its Cal. 1575 table ([https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/0b5fdf83/files/uploaded/1.0%20RolexBook-23Mar.pdf The Vintage Rolex Field Manual, caliber table]); a [https://www.clubderelojeria.com/comunicaciones/R/ROLEX/rolex1575/ROLEX%201575.pdf Rolex Cal. 1575 parts catalogue] lists date-indicator parts for refs. 1500, 1501 and 1503. Auction catalogues more often describe 1500 examples as Cal. 1570. [https://www.bobswatches.com/rolex-blog/watch-review/vintage-week-rolex-oyster-perpetual-chronometer-date-ref-1500.html Bob’s Watches] explains the 1570 bridge engraving on date-equipped 1575-family movements; the engraving alone does not establish the caliber beneath it. The available records do not identify a watch-specific changeover. For ref. [[Reference:1506|1506]], two auction catalogues identify Cal. 1570; one seller lists 1575 although its movement photograph shows a 1570-marked bridge. The inner caseback in that photograph is stamped 1503. These are object-level records and do not establish a caliber sequence for the reference. Other documented fitments include the Submariner 1680, GMT-Master 1675 from about the 1.4-million serial range, Explorer II 1655 and Sea-Dweller 1665. Auction catalogues identify the date-equipped [[Reference:1510|ref. 1510]] as Cal. 1570, and Monaco Legend’s movement photo shows a 1570-marked bridge with 26 jewels. The cited parts lists contain no ref. 1510 entry. Cal. 1570 remains the auction-house attribution, and the photographed marking is object-level evidence; exact reference fitment is unconfirmed.
 <span id="gmt-branch"></span>