Reference:Serial-numbers

Main Page › Serial numbers

Rolex used numeric case serials, then letter-prefixed serials, and later randomized alphanumeric strings. Numeric and letter-prefixed ranges can suggest a production period. Randomized serials have no public year mapping. None of these systems establishes the originality of the dial, movement or bracelet.

The three systems

Rolex restarted its numeric case sequence in the mid-1950s. The same short number can therefore fall in more than one period. Letter-prefixed serials appeared around 1987; randomized serials followed around 2010. Neither change happened as a simple one-year boundary across every reference.

Finding the serial number

On many Oyster references made before the rehaut transition of the mid-2000s, the serial is engraved between the lugs at 6 o'clock, beneath the bracelet. The reference number is usually between the opposite lugs at 12 o'clock. Earlier case designs need reference-specific guidance.

The serial moved to the rehaut, the inner ring around the dial, during the 2000s. It appears at 6 o'clock. The change varied by reference; compare transition-period watches with documented examples of the same model. Serial placement alone does not establish a case replacement. Rolex has not published a public year key for the randomized strings. A date assigned to one of those cases therefore comes from a guarantee, service record or dated sale, not from the characters alone.

Matching serials link a warranty card or guarantee paper to the case number, provided the document itself is authentic. They do not establish the originality of every component. The clasp uses a separate dating system. A movement can carry caliber designations, part references and an individual movement number; identify the marking before interpreting it.

Numeric serials (≤1987)

The table transcribes selected entries from the Pergola and Dowling–Hess charts reproduced in these photographs. These are unofficial collector charts. Dowling–Hess places serial 132,562 in III 1953; Pergola puts 63,425–139,166 in 1955. The disagreement cannot be resolved by averaging the dates.

The table is selective, with gaps between some entries. For a number outside it, compare documented examples of the reference. A matching row supplies an estimate, not proof of manufacture, assembly or sale in that year.

Early chronograph catalogues also show why an individual case number needs its own evidence. Christie’s dated Rolex ref. 2021 case 12'010 to circa 1925; Phillips later catalogued the same case as a 1934 watch. These are conflicting auction estimates, not a serial-chart date or a confirmed production year. [Christie’s, case 12'010] [Phillips, case 12'010]

For early Oyster ref. 2081, Antiquorum links case 599744 to its 1947 catalogue date and case 63715 to its 1948 date; Christie’s records case 37'271 with a Glasgow import letter for 1937. Toovey’s transcribes “5557 CH” over “2081” on another caseback. These remain individual object records rather than entries in a year chart. [Antiquorum, case 599744] [Antiquorum, case 63715] [Christie’s, case 37'271] [Toovey’s, caseback inscription]

Serial / range in source	Date assigned by source	Chart
23,969	1928	Dowling and Hess
28,290	1930	Dowling and Hess
35,365	1935	Dowling and Hess
99,775	1940	Dowling and Hess
143,509	1942	Dowling and Hess
387,216	1946	Dowling and Hess
529,163	1947	Dowling and Hess
628,840	1948	Dowling and Hess
710,776	1951	Dowling and Hess
840,396	1952	Dowling and Hess
927,301–929,261	1952/1953	Pergola
929,262–974,681	1953	Pergola
974,682–982,114	1953/1954	Pergola
982,115–999,999	1954	Pergola
10,001–32,180	1954	Pergola, restarted sequence
32,181–63,424	1954/1955	Pergola
63,425–139,166	1955	Pergola
139,167–147,690	1955/1956	Pergola
147,691–261,715	1956	Pergola
272,289–360,987	1957	Pergola
381,923–426,480	1958	Pergola
437,255–530,168	1959	Pergola
539,969–663,484	1960	Pergola
688,767–785,296	1961	Pergola
840,046–919,916	1962	Pergola
950,451–974,197	1963	Pergola, after the reset
997,136–1,104,068	1964	Pergola
1,141,050–1,269,458	1965	Pergola
1,284,790–1,503,591	1966	Pergola
1,534,083–1,695,119	1967	Pergola
1,720,977–1,938,064	1968	Pergola
1,958,607–2,236,978	1969	Pergola
2,357,480–2,558,656	1970	Pergola
2,558,657–2,591,204	1970/1971	Pergola
3,215,500	1971	Dowling and Hess
3,478,400	1972	Dowling and Hess
3,741,300	1973	Dowling and Hess
4,004,200	1974	Dowling and Hess

Conflicting catalogue dates: reference 6244

Catalogue dates differ even for nearby case numbers on the Oyster Royal 6244. Phillips dates case 834,991 to 1952. Christie's gives circa 1959 for case 836,438 and 1962 for case 836,447, only nine numbers apart. These catalogue dates do not establish a continuous production sequence. The reference page lists further examples.

Milgauss 6543 dated cases

Christie’s dates case 145'159 to 1955 and case 145'111 to circa 1955. These two 6543 watches anchor catalogue dates around 1955; their numbers do not establish a full case-number range or a year-by-year sequence. Compare the movement, case, papers and service history on the individual watch. Christie’s, lot 136, case 145'159; Christie’s, lot 200, case 145'111.

Letter serials (1987–2010)

Letter-prefixed case serials usually contain one letter and six digits. The years below come from Colin A. White's The Vintage Rolex Field Manual, page 27. These collector estimates overlap and should be checked against the individual reference.

Prefix	Years listed by White
R	1987–1988
L	1989
E	1990
N	1991
X	1991
C	1992
S	1993–1994
W	1995
T	1996
U	1997–1998
A	1999
P	2000
K	2000–2001
Y	2001–2002
F	2003–2005
D	2005–2006
Z	2006–2007
M	2007–2008
V	2008–2009
G	2010

Phillips records Explorer 114270 case G030393 with a guarantee dated 30 November 2010. That records a transaction date; it does not date the manufacture of the case.

Case serial prefixes and clasp codes are different systems. A letter on the clasp cannot be read as the same letter in the case-serial table.

Random serials (around 2010 onward)

Rolex began using randomized case serials around 2010, during the period of the final letter prefixes. Mixed-letter-and-digit serials have no public year mapping. A guarantee can establish a recorded sale date, but the serial alone cannot give the exact production year.

For a modern watch, start with the production span of the reference and any dated paperwork. Randomized clasp codes also lack a public year mapping. The case serial remains useful for linking records to a particular watch.

Early references and hallmark dating

For early Prince, Bubbleback and manual Oyster references such as 3478, compare the case number with examples of the same reference and material. A chart covering later Oyster production may not describe an earlier case-number sequence. British hallmarks on precious-metal cases provide a separate assay date. Steel cases need other evidence.

Ref. 1925 shows why patent marks and case numbers need separate treatment. Christie’s lists case 25658 with Glasgow import marks dated 1928. Bonhams records a Dublin import mark for 1928 and labels 260554 a case number. The British Museum transcribes 260554/1925 below “Great Britain Patents” on another early Oyster case; that object is not identified as ref. 1925. Christie’s separately prints “20302/260554” as its circa-1925 lot number. The museum’s patent inscription shows why catalogue numbers should stay attached to their recorded markings rather than being normalized as serials. The import marks provide dates for the individual cases.

Ref. 6094 shows how catalogue estimates can conflict even for the same watch. Antiquorum dated case 744253 to 1961 in 2010, then to 1951 when the watch returned as lot 291 in 2012; 1951 also falls near the published serial table's 710,776 (1951) and 840,396 (1952) entries. Nearby 88x,xxx cases carry three different lot dates: Bonhams gives circa 1952 for 881574 and records IV.52 inside its caseback, Antiquorum assigns 1962 to 882812, and Christie's gives circa 1954 for 882963. Treat IV.52 as a caseback date and each year as a catalogue estimate for its lot. Antiquorum, 2010, lot 134; Antiquorum, 2012, lot 291; Bonhams, lot 85; Antiquorum, lot 138; Christie's, lot 313.

A photographed ref. 1069 caseback carries 21,836 below the reference. The dealer dates it to the 1940s, while the serial reconstruction's first listed point is 23,969 for 1928. That comparison does not give 21,836 an exact year. An auction archive also reproduces a Bonhams description for case 21,431 with a 1940s date; it is the same watch listed twice, not an independent dating sequence. Neither record supplies a British assay mark. 1stDibs caseback photographs; Bonhams entries

Catalogues for ref. 1072 give case numbers 44,887 (Toovey’s, circa 1938) and 24,432 (Antiquorum, 1930s). These are two catalogue examples, not a serial-year sequence; the numbers cannot establish production dates for another 1072. Christie’s also catalogues an early Oyster with case no. 1072, which is a different use of the number. Toovey’s; Antiquorum lot 481 archive; Christie’s case-number record

The catalogues reviewed for ref. 1073 date individual examples circa 1926, circa 1930, in the 1930s, and 1934, but publish no case serial or assay mark. Those catalogue dates cannot be checked against later serial-year charts or hallmark tables. Antiquorum; Christie’s; Bonhams archive; Bachmann & Scher

Christie's catalogues three circa-1940 ref. 3064 cases: 56'924, 269'204, and 282'453. These are catalogue associations with individual watches, not a serial-year chart or production boundary. The records are New York lot 63, Geneva lot 341, and Geneva lot 240.

Auction catalogues for ref. 2765 date individual watches from circa 1930 to circa 1942. Dawsons dates serial 76,781 to 1939; Bonhams dates serial 90,509 to circa 1939 and 140,782 to circa 1941. David Lay and Sotheby's identify the same case as 85,883; Finarte records 14,277; Christie's records 83,259 and 83,447; Bonhams publishes 85,7**, 90,509, 90,698, 90,501, 90,751, 90,939 and the partial number 133***, plus case 140,782. Auctionet gives case 90,995 without a production date. Christie's 1935 lot and Sotheby's 2004 catalogue give no case number. These dates apply to individual catalogue examples and do not establish a reference-wide serial sequence.

Ref. 3009 has scattered auction-assigned dates and case numbers, which do not establish a serial sequence. Bonhams records a Glasgow import mark dated 1937 on case 37845; the mark dates the assay or import, not manufacture. Antiquorum records a 1947 presentation inscription on case 474700, while its catalogue estimates the watch to circa 1959. Keep those dates attached to their separate evidence. Bonhams, case 37845; Antiquorum, case 474700.

For ref. 3353, Sotheby's dates case 146'235 to circa 1935. Christie's gives circa 1935 for case 146'243, while Antiquorum dates that same case to 1940 and identifies it as the earlier 2006 lot. The listings therefore disagree on the date of one watch; case numbers alone do not resolve the difference. See the 3353 page for the documented examples and source links.

Ref. 3599 provides another case-level date conflict. Antiquorum's 2006 lot 254 dates case 45,032 to 1945/6. Christie's 2009 lot 346 identifies the same watch, cites the earlier Antiquorum sale as provenance, and dates it to 1939. Keep both estimates attached to this case; use watch-specific papers or comparison with documented examples when assessing another 3599.

Ref. 1873 shows why catalogue dates belong to individual watches. Sotheby’s dates case 30,967 to circa 1930; Antiquorum dates cases 48,634 and 100,498 to the 1930s; Bonhams dates case 81,343 to circa 1939; and Christie’s dates case 100,459 to circa 1940. Bonhams records a London import mark dated 1937 on gold case 37,029; that is an assay/import date. Cambi lists case 48.xxx as circa 1954, an outlier among these entries. The records do not establish a factory production range.

Two Antiquorum catalogue entries for 3003 and 3004 give case dimensions but no case serials, so they do not establish a serial range. The 3004 lot title claims 144 examples in 1937; that statement is not a serial anchor or an independently confirmed production total. Compare the case number with other examples, and use assay marks on precious-metal cases as a separate date clue.

Auction dates for ref. 3130 also need to stay attached to individual watches. Sotheby's calls case 104789 circa 1937 ([2013 lot 197](https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2013/watches-n09002/lot.197.html)); Phillips calls case 521'285 circa 1945 and one of the last generation ([2021 lot 18](https://www.phillips.com/detail/rolex/159994)); Christie's catalogues case 443093 circa 1948 ([2007 lot 2858](https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5008631)) and another 3130 circa 1955 ([catalogue](https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-rolex-a-14ct-gold-automatic-centre-seconds-4133893/)). The estimates conflict and do not set a serial range or factory production end. Compare the serial, movement, case and any assay marks on the watch itself.

The 3525 records show why dates should stay attached to individual watches. Antiquorum dates the Nutting case 185,983 to 1941; Sotheby’s dates case 186,144 to circa 1942 and case 372,822 to circa 1945. Sotheby’s describes an earlier group with the reference and serial on the outer caseback, and a later group with the reference inside and the serial between the lugs. These are auction-house estimates, not a Rolex production ledger. A serial alone does not establish when a watch was made or delivered.

Auction estimates for ref. 3372 also conflict. Sotheby's dates case 43,903 to circa 1938 ([2026 lot 2341](https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2026/important-watches-4-2/oyster-perpetual-bubbleback-reference-3372-a-pink?locale=en)); Antiquorum dates case 481,380 to 1938 ([2017 lot 90](https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-ref-3372-bubble-back-lot-310-90)); Phillips assigns circa 1945 to case 301,684 ([2015 lot 206](https://www.phillips.com/detail/rolex/CH080215/206)); and Antiquorum dates case 424,291 to circa 1959 ([2024 lot 75](https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-ref-3372-oyster-perpetual-bubble-back-lot-367-75)). These dates do not form a reliable serial sequence and do not establish the factory production span.

Auction catalogues give case numbers 612627, 612848, 612967, 612990, 613514, 613853 and 613876 for individual ref. 5031 watches. Their dating differs: Bonhams, Sotheby’s and Tennants call examples circa 1948, while Antiquorum dates its 1999 lot to the 1950s and its 1995 lot to the 1960s. Those case numbers cluster, but the catalogues do not establish a production range. Bonhams listed case 612990 twice in 2025 with the same movement number 37574; it is one watch, not two serial anchors.

Phillips dates ref. 6031 case 683,837 to circa 1949; Sotheby’s dates case 693,873 to circa 1950. These two auction-house date estimates do not establish a 6031 serial range or year-by-year sequence.

For ref. 6075, Antiquorum dates cases 685,082 and 714,441 to 1950, while Phillips dates case 714,440 to 1951. Antiquorum gives circa 1951 for case 715,511; Cambi Aste assigns circa 1961 to an incomplete case number 715.xxx. The catalogues conflict, and their estimates do not establish a serial range or prove a production end year. Compare the engraved case number, movement and any independent date evidence on the individual watch. Antiquorum 2006, lot 122; Antiquorum 2014, lot 107; Phillips 2015, lot 284; Antiquorum 2022, lot 147; Cambi Aste 2022, lot 96.

For ref. 6074, Antiquorum and John Goldberger date a two-piece platinum commission to 1950, but publish no case serials for those watches. Antiquorum's 1990 gold lot gives a 1950s estimate without a case number; its 2025 gold lot says the case number was no longer visible. Henrik Korpela's restored gold example had 6030 and 6031 scratched out on the caseback before 6074 was stamped over them. These records do not form a serial sequence. Compare the individual case and movement marks; the 1-50 code in Goldberger's image dates the bracelet component. Antiquorum 1992; Antiquorum 1990; Antiquorum 2025; Korpela, 2015.

Oyster Perpetual 1005 dated examples

Auction catalogues date 1005 case 826,301 to 1962 or circa 1963; the two records appear to describe the same pink-gold watch. Other dated examples include cases 903,017 and 926,416 (circa 1962–63), 1,050,796 (circa 1964), 1,176,167 (inside caseback code II.65), 1,177,843 (circa 1966), 1,586,108 (catalogued 1971, with a guarantee booklet dated 22 December 1971), 1,801,509 (circa 1968), 3,021,909 (circa 1971), 3,367,203 (London import mark dated 1973), and 3,921,444 (circa 1974). Sotheby’s catalogued case 7,126,615 as circa 1995, but that date conflicts with the serial sequence and should not be treated as a secure production date. These are isolated auction and component dates, not a serial-year chart or production range.

Oyster Perpetual 1003 dated examples

Auction catalogues date 1003 case 512,833 to circa 1960 and case 573,835 to circa 1960; the certificate accompanying case 573,835 is dated 22 December 1960, which dates the certificate rather than proving the case’s production date. Other catalogued examples include case 531,734 (circa 1966), case 1,197,501 (1964), case 3,044,042 (1972), case 3,960,865 (circa 1975), and case 5,426,177 (1977). A Glasgow import mark dates a 9K case to 1961, while a 1966 receipt accompanies a separate 9ct example. These individual records do not form a serial-year chart or establish production limits. Sotheby’s, case 5,426,177; Antiquorum, case 3,044,042; Sotheby’s, case 3,960,865.

Oyster Perpetual 1008 dated examples

Auction catalogues date ref. 1008 case 666,184 to 1961, case 1,284,790 to 1965/66, and case 1,612,569 to circa 1967. Christie's records an inside-caseback stamp of IV.63 on another example. Antiquorum's 2022 and 2023 listings repeat case 1,612,569, so count it once. These are individual catalogue dates and a caseback stamp, not a serial-year chart. Compare the case, movement and date evidence on the watch itself. Antiquorum 2012, lot 9; Antiquorum 2006, lot 29; Antiquorum 2022, lot 458; Antiquorum 2023, lot 140; Christie's, ref. 1008, lot 5008636.

Oyster Perpetual 1009 dated examples

Auction catalogues date case 1,738,626 to 1968, case 1,987,824 to 1969, and case 2,489,934 to 1972. These are dates assigned to individual 1009s by their sale catalogues, not a serial-year chart. Compare the case number, movement, and any independent date evidence on each watch.

Day-Date 6511 case examples

Auction catalogues date 6511 case 111,654 to the fourth quarter of 1955 and case 134,692 to 1955; Phillips lot 40 lists a guarantee dated 7 May 1957. Monaco Legend lists case 111,695 as 1955, although the lot prose says 1956, and gives 1956 for case 166,725. These lot dates do not create a production range or a serial-year chart. Check the case number and any hallmarks on the watch, and keep bracelet/clasp dates separate from the head. The cited sources also disagree on movement identification: Phillips gives 1555 for case 111,654, while other 6511 catalogues list 1055.

Day-Date 6612 case examples

Auction catalogues date platinum case 403,679 and case 403,680 to 1958, white-gold case 394,866 to 1958, and platinum case 382,921 to circa 1958. Bonhams dates a yellow-gold 6612/8 with serial 446*** to circa 1959. These are individual auction estimates, not a serial-number chronology; the clasp stamped 3.59 on case 403,680 and March 1959 clasp on the 446*** example date bracelets, not watch heads.

Day-Date 6612B case examples

Auction catalogues date yellow-gold case 384,933 to 1957; pink-gold case 395,916, white-gold case 394,866 and platinum case 403,679 to circa 1958; platinum case 382,921 to circa 1958; and platinum case 446,052 to circa 1959. These are catalogue estimates, not a factory serial chart or proven production bounds. Christie's Dubai gives 446,062 for the last example, but Phillips and Sotheby's both list 446,052 and the Dubai entry refers to those sales. Phillips and Christie's list a clasp stamp of 1.59 on the platinum bracelet; that dates the bracelet, not the watch head. Monaco Legend, case 384,933; Christie's and https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-ref-6612b-day-date-lot-370-143?page=8 Antiquorum, case 395,916; Monaco Legend, case 394,866; Monaco Legend, case 403,679; Christie's, case 382,921; Phillips and https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2021/fine-watches-11/day-date-reference-6612b-a-platinum-and-diamond Sotheby's, case 446,052.

Day-Date 6611 case examples

Phillips dates yellow-gold case 214,124 to 1956 and white-gold 6611B case 401,546 to 1958. Antiquorum dates movement number 386,339 on a gold 6611B to about 1958. These catalogue dates fit the commonly published late-1950s sequence but do not form a factory serial chart. Two steel school-watch lots have no case number and give conflicting dates, 1954 and circa 1959; the 1963 engraving is a school dedication, not a case-production date. Compare each head and movement separately.

Glasgow and Edinburgh assay marks

British hallmarks can identify the assay office, metal standard, sponsor and assay year. The sponsor is the party responsible for submitting the item; the mark does not necessarily identify its manufacturer. Imported cases may carry different office marks from domestic work. Match the complete punch, including its shield and lettering, to the correct office and period.

For a Glasgow or Edinburgh mark, use that office's historical import-mark chart. Date-letter cycles and the dates on which letters changed varied between offices and periods. The letter records assay, which may precede assembly or retail sale. David Boettcher's guide explains these distinctions. Opening a case requires suitable tools and care.

Antiquorum describes Prince 971 case 70,064 as sterling silver with a Glasgow import stamp and a 1928 hallmark. The date is the auctioneer's reading of the hallmark; it does not establish when the movement was made or fitted.

Assay letters and case-serial prefixes

The R, L and later case-serial prefixes belong to a system introduced around 1987. They cannot decode assay letters on 1920s–1950s Prince cases. Those letters belong to the assay office's own sequence.

Prince dating examples

The table lists catalogue observations on Prince watches and related Eaton presentation pieces. “c.” means an approximate date assigned by the auctioneer. Hallmark readings and presentation inscriptions are identified separately. These examples do not define the start or end of a reference's production.

Reference	Case number	Material / configuration	Hallmark / dating	Source
971	70,064	sterling silver	Glasgow import hallmark dated 1928 by Antiquorum	Antiquorum New York, March 2010, lot 401
971	70,668	sterling silver	Glasgow 1929	Bonhams London 2018 lot 37
971	71,883	sterling silver	c.1929–1930	Sotheby's 2019
971	011,651	steel + Beyer-signed dial	c.1928	Phillips Geneva X CH080319/17
971	6,013	platinum, Cal. 300 7½′′′ 18-jewel	c.1935	Phillips Geneva V/X/XIV
971	6,047	platinum	1935	Phillips 2015 Watch Auction One lot 210
971	6,077	platinum	c.1930	Antiquorum 2013
971	1,472	Eaton 1/4 Century Club dial; catalogue descriptions of the metals differ	presentation inscription 1907–1932	Monaco Legend, July 2019, lot 156
971	60,206	9K two-colour gold	c.1934	Antiquorum 2020 lot 235
971	65,196	18K striped two-colour gold (971A)	c.1930	Antiquorum 2015 lot 275
971	65,377	18K striped two-colour gold (971A)	c.1932	Antiquorum 2006 lot 316
971	68,305	9K two-colour gold (971A)	c.1932	Bonhams NY 2017 lot 133
971	68,591	18K striped two-colour gold (971A)	c.1938	Bonhams HK 2023 lot 644
1490	13,009	18K yellow gold	Glasgow 1933	Phillips NY 2023 NY080223/92
1490	17,365	steel + pink gold	Cal. T.S. 300 Ultra Prima, 1935	Antiquorum May 2006 Mondani lot 46
1490	38,525	steel + Bucherer-signed dial	c.1937	Sotheby's Watches Online July 2019 lot 13
1490	58,115	18K (group lot with 1862)	c.1930	Christie's Geneva 1395 lot 307
1490	73,910	steel	c.1936	Bonhams Nov 2023 lot 50
1862	1,608	9K	Glasgow 1934	Antiquorum 249-98
1862	16,237	9K Glasgow + Cal. 527	Glasgow 1934	Christie's online lot 31 (sale 13523)
1862	16,663	18K (group lot with 1490)	c.1938	Christie's Geneva 1395 lot 307
1862	280,124	18K yellow (1862A variant)	c.1930	Sotheby's NY 2018 n09911 lot 53
1880	032’871	stainless steel	c.1935, as catalogued by Sotheby’s	Sotheby’s Geneva, May 2019, lot 166
1880	012043; caseback also marked 1880	steel with yellow-metal stepped sides and lugs	c.1930, as catalogued by Sworder	Sworder, November 2024, lot 339
1491	not given	18K yellow gold jump-hour Brancard	Glasgow Import mark 1930	Bonhams sale 29152 lot 23
1491	1,578	9K white gold, Bucherer-retailed	invoice dated 1945	Antiquorum, March 2008, lot 692
1491	F220	two-colour 18K gold, jumping-hour display	c.1930	Bonhams, sale 29152, lot 6
1527	189	18K white + yellow gold stepped Railway, bamboo-style bracelet	dated 1931	Antiquorum May 2006 Mondani lot 108/33
1527	6,920	white and pink gold; catalogued as 1527 M	c.1930s	Drouot, lot 182
1527	6936	18K white + pink stepped	Glasgow 1931	EveryWatch lot 378
1527	not given	steel + gold-filled stepped Railway	1940s	Bonhams NY 2006 sale 15217 lot 9
3361	899,568	18K yellow gold Aerodynamic	dated 1952 (Mondani Collection)	Antiquorum, May 2006, lot 210
3361	899,677	18K pink gold Aerodynamic with monogrammed escutcheon	dated 1952	Antiquorum, May 2006, lot 209
3362	62,482	14K pink gold	c.1935, as dated by Antiquorum	Antiquorum, May 2015, sale 291, lot 109
3937	64,190	14K yellow gold Rams Horn	1938	Bonhams 2023 lot 50
3937	not given	14K yellow gold, Eaton 1/4 Century Club	Garbett presentation inscription 1926–1951	Sotheby's NY 2020 lot 73
6222 (Eaton presentation)	not given	automatic Oyster	presentation inscription 1929–1954	Antiquorum Hong Kong 2005, sale 86, lot 19

Christie’s gives “No. 015759 1880” on a steel caseback and “no. 1880 8829” in the title of a pink-gold watch. The title does not identify 1880 as a reference. Christie’s dates the latter watch’s Glasgow import mark to 1932.

These examples use several case-number ranges across different materials and references. A high number does not establish a later production date across the whole Prince family. Antiquorum dates the two 3361 cases numbered 899,568 and 899,677 to 1952; the presentation dates on Eaton watches record later events in their ownership. None of these observations establishes a family-wide production endpoint.

Caseback engraving conventions

Keep case and reference stamps separate from personal inscriptions. An engraved name or service anniversary records a presentation or ownership claim. It cannot establish the date of the case, and hand engraving alone does not establish a replacement. Monaco Legend's 971, case 1,472, bears an Eaton service inscription ending in 1932.

Padellone 8171: anomalous numbers and conflicting dates

Reference 8171 has a shallow case number and coronet engraved on the outside of its snap-on back. Wear and polishing can reduce their legibility. The case number, movement number and a dated certificate should be recorded separately. Benjamin Clymer, illustrated 8171 study

Phillips catalogued steel case 1977074 as circa 1950 despite its unusually high number. Its essay and SJX discuss later manufacture or assembly, but provide no factory record resolving the discrepancy. A general serial chart cannot settle the date of this particular watch. Phillips Geneva X, lot 175; SJX, 2019

Sotheby’s dates case 686356 to circa 1963 while describing early-1950s production in the same entry. That conflict does not establish a 1963 production extension. Pink-gold case 667005 has a more useful document: Phillips lists an accompanying timing certificate dated 13 April 1950. The certificate dates that event, not necessarily casing or retail sale. Sotheby’s, lot 2143; Phillips Geneva XXI, lot 72

Submariner, Explorer and GMT dating examples

The following table compares catalogue dates with case numbers on selected Submariner, Explorer and GMT watches. Dates without an identified hallmark, stamp or document are the named source's estimates. A cluster of nearby numbers does not establish a production total or guarantee dating to within a year or two.

Reference	Case number	Catalogue configuration	Date or dated mark reported by source	Source
6204 (Submariner)	949,136	honeycomb dial	1953	Phillips Geneva XII 2020 lot 177
6204	988,613	gilt, US Navy provenance	c.1953–54	Sotheby's 2018 lot 250
6204	988,773	Sub-Aqua, end-link 65	1954	Phillips Geneva Watch Auction TWO 2015 lot 292
6204	988,923	pencil hands, gilt	c.1954, clasp 2.53	Phillips NY Watch Auction 2021 lot 79
6204	988,929	Sub-Aqua tropical	1954	Antiquorum Geneva 2013 lot 577
6204	42,439	Sub-Aqua dial; catalogued as a prototype	1954	Monaco Legend 2019 lot 69
6205 (Submariner)	21,354	pencil hands, no-Submariner dial, riveted Oyster end-link 65	c.1954, Series 1	Phillips Game Changers NY 2019 lot 54
6205	21,442	Mercedes hands, gilt gloss, stretch riveted bracelet	c.1954–55	Sotheby's Fine Watches 2022 lot 13
6205	21,644	re-lumed reprinted no-Submariner dial	1954–55	Antiquorum Geneva 2025 lot 377-180
6205	85,972	Mercedes, gilt no depth (Series 2)	1955	Sotheby's Important Watches NY 2019 lot 178
6205	86,033	Atelier de Restauration 2023 restoration	1955	Sotheby's Important Watches II 2025 lot 336
6200 (Submariner)	320,xxx–322,xxx	Big Crown 8mm Brevet, A296, Explorer or red depth	1954–56	Nicholas Foulkes, Oyster Perpetual Submariner (Wallpaper / ACC Art Books, 2024)
6536/1 (Submariner)	112,256	caseback stamped "4 55", Jubilee bracelet stamped 1960	1955	Sotheby's 2021 lot 35
6536/1	112,341	Red Depth, IV.55 caseback	1955	Bonhams Dec 2021 lot 36
6536/1	155,502	caseback stamped II.56, on 7206 rivet bracelet	1956	Phillips Geneva V 2017 lot 102
6536/1	229,640	I.57 caseback	1957	Sotheby's 2018 lot 215
6536 (parent)	306,706	gloss black gilt, red triangle bezel	March 1957	Bonhams London 2012 lot 116
6536/1	306,989	III.57 caseback, no-hash red triangle, glossy gilt	1957	Sotheby's NY 2018 lot 252
6536	399,228	brown tropical dial	c.1959	Sotheby's London 2019 lot 121
6538 (Submariner)	140,300–140,500 (Series 1)	case-number band proposed by Blackbird	c.1956	Blackbird Biebuyck (2019)
6538	158,100–158,400 (Series 2)	four-line OCC dial concentration	c.1957–58	Blackbird Biebuyck (2019)
6538	307,100–307,600 (Series 3)	two-line gilt	1958	Blackbird Biebuyck (2019)
6538	426,000–449,300 (Series 4)	fourth group in Blackbird's classification	late 1958 / 1959	Blackbird; Sotheby's Olmsted 2024 lot 170 case 449,004
5510 (Submariner big crown)	362,153	Explorer dial, fixed bars; attributed to Royal Australian Navy use	1958	Sotheby's Important Watches 2023 lot 107
5510	362,187	reprinted Explorer dial; attributed to Royal Australian Navy use	1958	Antiquorum Monaco 2018 lot 314-248
5510	362,252	privately purchased watch used by a Royal Navy diver; later 93150/580 bracelet	Bonhams dates manufacture and purchase to 1958; caseback 1.1958	Bonhams, June 2009, lot 140
5508 (Submariner small crown)	361,650	black gilt, red triangle insert	1958	Phillips Geneva NINE 2019 lot 213
5508	400,505	tropical dial, 1960 papers	1958	Sotheby's Fine Watches 2023 lot 40
5508	489,831	black dial	1959	Sotheby's Watches Online 2020
5508	490,575	faded bezel insert, rivet bracelet '63	1958	Antiquorum Geneva 2020 lot 333-422
5508	762,896	exclamation gilt, II.62 caseback, 7206/64 bracelet	1962	Phillips Hong Kong SPORTS 2019 lot 881
5508	764,524	exclamation, 6636 clasp 4/64	1962	Phillips Geneva XV 2022 lot 160
6098 (Pre-Explorer / Oyster Perpetual)	912,378	steel + Sesto Continente "Super Oyster" provenance, IV.52 caseback	caseback IV.52; source dates the watch to 1952	Vailati 1953 letter to Rolex Archives (Perezcope)
6150 (Pre-Explorer)	931,134	H.S.10 CD Royal Navy with crow's foot	c.1953	Sotheby's Fine Watches 2025 L25713
6150	944,811	H.S.10 CD, Burford matte-black Swiss T Precision printing, MOD broad-arrow	February 1953	Bonhams 18849/181
6150	944,925	"Oyster Perpetual Precision" dial	1953	Antiquorum Geneva 2022 lot 349-152
6150	945,021	"KANGCHENJUNGA 1955 G.C BAND" caseback engraving	1953 case, 1955 expedition gift	Phillips Geneva Watch Auction SIX 2017 lot 244
6150	945,096	A296 18j, Oyster expandable bracelet	c.1953	Sotheby's 2022 / 2024 (same example reoffered)
6350	955,761	Douglas Prior 1956 Royal Society Antarctic Expedition, Cal. 775 service replacement	1953 case	Antiquorum Geneva 2018 lot 317-570
5513 (Submariner, no-date)	765,450	gloss black "exclamation" Explorer dial, cal. 1530; riveted Oyster 7206 / 80 end-links, clasp 4.62	c.1962 (I.62)	Phillips Geneva EIGHT lot 23
5513	979,313	gilt / gloss underline Explorer dial; folded Oyster 9315 / 580 end-links	c.1963	Phillips Geneva XIV lot 153
5513	991,837	underline double-Swiss gilt dial; Oyster 6636, clasp dated Q1 1964	1963 (III.63)	Phillips Geneva THREE lot 106
5513	1,023,362	gloss Explorer (3-6-9) dial, Garrard guarantee 23 March 1965; Jubilee bracelet	c.1964	Sotheby's Important Watches 2020 lot 377
5513	6,2XX,XXX	Mark III "maxi" dial, cal. 1520; 93150 Oyster, service-replacement clasp S6	c.1979	Bonhams Watches and Wristwatches 2019 lot 103
5513 (COMEX)	2,833,552	helium escape valve; COMEX 24	1970	Antiquorum Geneva, November 2006, lot 323
5514	3,804,841	helium escape valve; dial without COMEX logo	1972	Antiquorum New York, 2009, sale 223, lot 373
5514	4,089,919	COMEX 377, matte black, 9315 bracelet, Henry Hudson letter	1975	Phillips NY Watch Auction SIX 2022 lot 153
5514	4,155,901	COMEX 446; caseback also engraved 68504-Ci, attributed to the Argentine Navy by Phillips	1974	Phillips Geneva TWO, 2015, lot 145
5514	5,230,258	COMEX 878, "Big Numbers" wrap-around caseback	1977	Antiquorum Monaco 2025 lot 383-172
5517 (MilSub, Royal Navy / Army)	around 3,926,000	5513-only and 5513/5517 double-reference; issue years 77/79	1972–1975	Phillips New York 2019 lot 28 case 3,926,768; Phillips HK 2017 lot 807 case 3,926,923; Antiquorum Monaco 2022 lot 77 case 3,926,842
5517	around 5,339,000	5517-only between-lugs engraving, sword hands, full 60-min bezel; issue year 78	1977–1978	Phillips Geneva XIV 2021 lot 152 case 5,339,827; Sotheby's 2023 lot 3 case 5,339,705 issue 853/78
1680 (Submariner Date, Red Sub)	2,241,069	Mark II "tropical" meters-first dial, red Submariner text; Oyster 9315, clasp 3.71	c.1969 (III.69)	Phillips WINNING ICONS lot 4
1680	2,421,653	Mark IV "tropical" Red Sub, feet-first "open 6s"; folded Oyster 9315, 280 end-links, clasp 4.70	c.1970	Phillips Geneva XIV lot 155
1680	2,631,521	Mark IV red dial, cream indexes; Oyster 7836, clasp 3-69	1970 (I.70)	Phillips Geneva SEVEN lot 108
1680	3,184,430	single-red Submariner dial; 93150 Oyster, clasp CL9	c.1972	Bonhams London Fine Watches 2025 lot 18
1680	3,740,344	feet-first Red Sub dial, Tiffany & Co. retailer signature	c.1974	Sotheby's Important Watches II 2024
1680	5,429,380	ref. 1680/8 18k yellow gold, blue sunray dial; gold Oyster, clasp 3.71	c.1978	Phillips Geneva SEVEN lot 238
1680	6,1XX,XXX	Mark 1 "White Submariner" (closed 6s), white-text dial	c.1979	Bonhams Hong Kong Watches 2022 lot 928
16808 (Submariner Date, 18k yellow gold)	6,412,142	black nipple dial; guarantee dated 10 August 1982	c.1979	Christie’s, lot 6539583
16808	6,667,544	calibre 3035; inside caseback stamped 16800; clasp stamped 92908, end links 46; later guarantee dated 9 September 1987	c.1981	Phillips, lot 15
16808	7,538,212	blue nipple dial; catalogue describes tropical brown change	1982	Monaco Legend, lot 220
16808	9,623,728	blue nipple dial catalogued as tropical brown	c.1987	Sotheby’s, lot 8
1675 (GMT-Master, red-and-blue bezel)	1,004,133	underline + double-Swiss gilt dial, pointed crown guards, cal. 1560; bracelet 6636 / 80 end-links, clasp 3.64	c.1963 (IV.63)	Phillips "Rolex Milestones" lot 810
1675	1,323,448	MK III late-gilt gloss dial (SWISS - T<25), cal. 1570; bracelet 7206 / 80 end-links, clasp 4.65	c.1965 (IV.65)	Phillips Hong Kong Sessions Spring 2026 lot 8019
1675	1,686,416	matte black dial, steel red-and-blue bezel, cal. 1570	c.1967	Sotheby's Watches 2020 lot 76
1675	1,796,673	matte black "Fuchsia" insert, cal. 1570, movement D091203 with ROW marking; clasp 7-68	1967 (II.67)	Phillips New York Watch Auction SEVEN lot 25
1675	5,468,961	18k yellow gold, black dial, President bracelet, cal. 1570	c.1978	Sotheby's Watches 2020 lot 77
16750 (GMT-Master, first quickset)	6,250,744	matte black dial, black bezel insert (spare red-and-blue bezel included), cal. 3075; 93150 Oyster, clasp VC	c.1981	Bonhams Knightsbridge 2024 lot 95
16750	7,625,315	black dial, Omani police emblem, cal. 3075; 62510H Jubilee / 555 end-links, clasp G4	c.1983	Bonhams Fine Watches 2021 lot 68
16750	8,631,078	glossy dial with cracked lacquer, cal. 3075; 78360 Oyster / 580 end-links, clasp I6	c.1984	Phillips Hong Kong EIGHT lot 1180
16550	case 8399062	black raised-marker “bicchierini” dial; cal. 3085	1983 (Christie’s catalogue date)	Christie’s lot 217; date and prototype story are the auction essay’s account
16550	case 8584610	black raised-marker dial; cal. 3085	c.1984	Antiquorum Geneva 2020 lot 250; catalogue calls it a prototype
16550	serial B431181	cream rail dial; cal. 3085	c.1985	Antiquorum Monaco 2017 lot 274
16550	case 9376077	black raised-marker dial; cal. 3085	c.1986	Antiquorum Hong Kong 2021 lot 244; catalogue calls it a prototype
16550	case 9,673,878	cream rail dial; cal. 3085	c.1987	Sotheby’s Watches Weekly 2020 lot 2
16550	case R828043	cream rail dial; cal. 3085	c.1988	Sotheby’s Geneva 2020 lot 652
16750	R672618	gloss black dial, R-prefix	c.1988	Bonhams Hong Kong Watches 2019 lot 845
16760 (GMT-Master II)	8,463,283	red-and-black bezel, cal. 3085 27j	c.1984	Sotheby's Important Watches HK 2021 lot 2004
16760	R275863	red-and-black bezel, mvt 1994435, 78790 service-replacement bracelet	c.1988	Bonhams Knightsbridge 2023 lot 28031/167
16760	R434190	full set with Merksamer Jewelers guarantee, mvt 2102621	c.1988	Phillips Geneva Watch Auction X 2019 lot 149
16700 (GMT-Master)	R-serial	1988 red-and-blue bezel, 78360 / RS11 clasp	1988	Bonhams 25956/4
16700	T254282	1996 red-and-blue bezel delivered Dec 1996, full set with Beyer receipt	1996	Antiquorum Geneva 2020 lot 329-88
16700	T848499	c.1996 red-and-blue bezel, with extra black bezel, cal. 3175	1996	Sotheby's Geneva Important Watches 2019 lot 10
16700	W752611	c.1995 red-and-blue bezel, faded bezel, tritium dial	1995	Sotheby's Fine Watches Online 2024 lot 417
16700	U443556	1997 Chuck Yeager / Real McCoy's No. 14/50, Bell X-1 1947 caseback	1997	Bonhams 25232/969
16700	U453541	c.1997 Chuck Yeager / Real McCoy's No. 21/50	1997	Phillips Hong Kong XI 2020 lot 862
16700	A245609	c.1999 Chuck Yeager / Real McCoy's	1999	Sotheby's Hong Kong 2019 lot 2023

Record an inside-caseback stamp exactly as it appears. Roman numerals I–IV are often read as quarters, but the Caseback date codes guide describes a VI 1966 stamp that does not fit that convention. A dated caseback is a component observation. Service replacements and exchanged backs can separate its date from the rest of the watch.

Comparing the components

An early serial range suggests a case date. Compare the bracelet reference, dial and movement separately. A clasp code dates the marked component, and a replacement clasp or bracelet does not change the case date.

A bracelet from the same period as the case may be period-correct without being original to that watch. Matching date estimates alone cannot establish original delivery.

Per-reference serial detail

The Daytona 16520 and individual manual-wind Daytona pages compare serials with dial and component changes. For long-running references such as the Air-King 5500, compare examples from the relevant period; one broad serial span cannot describe every configuration.

For ref. 3358, Antiquorum dates case 51,419 to 1942, while the chart transcribed above brackets that number between its 1935 and 1940 entries. Auctionata dates case 299,752 to circa 1940. These are catalogue attributions, not a production range; the serial chart is a reconstruction and its entries are selective. For an imported pre-1948 case, date a Glasgow or Edinburgh assay mark by that office's own sequence where one is present; use the serial chart as a cross-check. The two 3358 catalogues do not report assay marks.

A different reference stamped inside the caseback needs comparison with documented examples of that model. Assess the fit and markings together before accepting the back as original or period-correct.

Auction catalogues date ref. 18039 case 5,302,014 to circa 1977, case 5,507,421 to circa 1978, case 6,739,240 to 1981, and case 7,522,088 to 1983. The 5,507,421 watch has a warranty recording a German retail sale in November 1980; that date records the sale, not the case manufacture. See Antiquorum lot 171 (2019), lot 158 (2021), lot 292 (2015), and lot 147 (2025).

Auction catalogues also give date estimates for individual Day-Date 18049 cases: 5,724,546 (circa 1978), 6,041,581 (1979), 6,654,074 (circa 1981), 6,768,020 (circa 1980), 7,644,551 (circa 1983), 8,272,377 (circa 1984), and R509431 (circa 1988). These are catalogue associations between a case number and a lot date, not a serial-number year chart or proof of the reference’s production limits. Sources: Sotheby’s, ref. 18049 case 5,724,546; Monaco Legend, ref. 18049 case 6,041,581; Christie’s, ref. 18049 case 6,654,074; Christie’s, ref. 18049 case 6,768,020; Sotheby’s, ref. 18049 case 7,644,551; Antiquorum, ref. 18049 case 8,272,377; Christie’s, ref. 18049 case R509431.

Auction catalogues date individual white-gold bark Day-Date 18079 cases as follows: case 5,257,008 (1978), case 6,043,469 (circa 1979), and case 7,294,504 (circa 1982). These are lot-level associations between a case number and an auction catalogue date. They do not establish a serial-number year chart or the reference's production boundaries. Sources: Phillips, ref. 18079 case 5,257,008; Sotheby's, ref. 18079 case 6,043,469; Antiquorum, ref. 18079 case 7,294,504.

• Antiquorum, ref. 3353 case 146'243, dates it to 1940
• Christie's, ref. 3353 case 146'243, dates it circa 1935 and identifies its 2006 Antiquorum appearance
• Sotheby's, ref. 3353 case 146'235, circa 1935
• Phillips, 2015, ref. 6511 case 111,654, date and movement listing
• Phillips, 2015, ref. 6511 case 134,692
• Monaco Legend, 2023, ref. 6511 case 111,695
• Monaco Legend, 2024, ref. 6511 case 166,725

Sources

• Phillips 2015, ref. 6611 case 214,124, dated 1956
• Phillips 2015, ref. 6611B case 401,546, dated 1958
• Antiquorum 2017, ref. 6611B, movement 386,339
• Antiquorum 2002 steel school-watch lot, catalogued circa 1959
• Antiquorum 2013 steel school-watch lot, catalogued as 1954

• Benjamin Clymer, Hodinkee: 8171 case markings
• Phillips Geneva X, lot 175: 8171 case 1977074
• SJX, 2019: 8171 serial anomaly
• Sotheby’s Hong Kong, 2020, lot 2143: 8171 case 686356
• Phillips Geneva XXI, lot 72: 8171 case 667005 and dated certificate

• RolexHaven, Serial numbers: photographs of the Pergola and Dowling–Hess charts transcribed above.
• Colin A. White, The Vintage Rolex Field Manual, pp. 26–27: case-serial systems and the letter table.
• RolexHaven, Caseback date codes: component-date caveats and photographed stamps.
• Goldsmiths' Company Assay Office, What is a hallmark?: the meaning of office, sponsor, fineness and date marks.
• David Boettcher, British import hallmarks: historical office marks and date-letter cycles.
• Phillips, Explorer 114270, lot 8012: G030393 and the November 2010 guarantee.
• Phillips, Oyster Royal 6244, lot 211; Christie's lot 214 and lot 3229: differing catalogue dates for nearby case numbers.
• Antiquorum, Prince 971, March 2010, lot 401: case 70,064 and the catalogue's 1928 hallmark reading.
• Monaco Legend, Prince 971, July 2019, lot 156: case 1,472 and its Eaton inscription. The title and essay describe steel and yellow gold; the material field instead lists yellow and white gold.
• Antiquorum, Geneva, March 2008, lot 692 and lot 693: separate 1491 and 1491HS watches; the 1945 Bucherer invoice accompanies lot 692, case 1,578.
• Bonhams, Submariner 5510, June 2009, lot 140: case 362,252, purchase history and the bracelet recorded at auction.
• Antiquorum, COMEX 5513, November 2006, lot 323; Phillips, COMEX 5514, Geneva TWO, lot 145: reference, case-number and inscription details.
• The tables identify further auction and specialist sources beside each observation; see the linked reference articles for additional lot records.
• Antiquorum, 2006, ref. 6075 case 685082
• Antiquorum, 2014, ref. 6075 case 714441
• Phillips, 2015, ref. 6075 case 714440
• Antiquorum, 2022, ref. 6075 case 715511
• Cambi Aste, 2022, ref. 6075 case 715.xxx
• Antiquorum, ref. 6094/6294, case 745061
• Antiquorum, ref. 6094, case 744253, 2010 date
• Antiquorum, ref. 6094, case 744253, 2012 date
• Bonhams, ref. 6094, case 881574 and IV.52 stamp
• Antiquorum, ref. 6094, case 882812
• Christie's, ref. 6094, case 882963