Reference:Movements: Difference between revisions

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<div class="rp-era"><div class="rp-era-name">Bubbleback / early automatic</div><div class="rp-chips">[[#cal-520|520]] [[#cal-50|50]] [[#cal-620|620]] [[#cal-630|630]] [[#cal-635|635]] [[#cal-105-hunter|700/710]] [[#cal-600|600]] [[#cal-59|59]] [[#cal-a260|A260]] [[#cal-a296|A296]] [[#cal-a295|A.295]] [[#cal-645|645]] [[#cal-740|740]] [[#cal-745|745]]</div></div>

<div class="rp-era"><div class="rp-era-name">Calendar / moonphase</div><div class="rp-chips">[[#cal-a295-cpl|A.295 CPL]]</div></div>

<div class="rp-era"><div class="rp-era-name">Early Oyster (lot attribution)</div><div class="rp-chips">[[#cal-2849-note|2849 (Cal. 500 attribution)]]</div></div>

<div class="rp-era"><div class="rp-era-name">Oyster / Oysterdate Precision</div><div class="rp-chips">[[#cal-1210|1210]] [[#cal-1215|1215]] [[#cal-1216|1216]] [[#cal-1220|1220]] [[#cal-1225|1225]] [[#cal-1200|1200]]</div></div>

<div class="rp-era"><div class="rp-era-name">Vintage sport (1950s–80s)</div><div class="rp-chips">[[#cal-1030|1030]] [[#cal-1035|1035]] [[#cal-1036|1036]] [[#cal-1065|1065]] [[#cal-1066|1066]] [[#cal-1530|1530]] [[#cal-1520|1520]] [[#cal-1535|1535]] [[#cal-1525|1525]] [[#cal-1560|1560]] [[#cal-1565|1565]] [[#cal-1570|1570]] [[#cal-1575|1575]]</div></div>

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For [[Reference:1072|ref. 1072]], Antiquorum describes 10-ligne, 18-jewel movements in two examples. Bonhams calls a separate example a 15-jewel Prima. Cool Auction labels the movement Cal. 10½ and reports 15 jewels, 18,000 beats per hour and a maximum 38-hour reserve on a Bucherer-signed watch. The same dealer attributes a Superbalance and Breguet hairspring to that movement. Hess Fine Auctions reports a manual 15-jewel movement in its 2023 lot. Watch Collecting describes another example as manual-wind but gives no caliber or jewel count. Toovey’s title calls its circa-1938 example Ultra Prima but gives no movement specification. The Cool Auction caliber label has no corroboration in the other records; the lots do not establish a single movement assignment or grade across the reference. [https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-96-82 Antiquorum, Hong Kong, 1997]; [https://www.collectorsquare.com/en/watches/rolex/prima/lpi Antiquorum and Bonhams archive]; [https://www.cool-auction.net/gallery/23866/ Cool Auction]; [https://www.hessfineauctions.com/auction-lot/superior-rolex-oyster-1072-large-cushion-vintage_98542e8bd8 Hess Fine Auctions, lot 3211]; [https://collecting.com/for-sale/1938-rolex-oyster-2 Watch Collecting]; [https://www.tooveys.com/lots/613066/a-rolex-oyster-ultra-prima-chrome-cushion-cased-gentlemans-wristwatch Toovey’s]

For [[Reference:1073|ref. 1073]], Antiquorum names a 10½-ligne Extra Prima movement with 15 jewels. ~~Christie’s calls~~ its 15-jewel ~~movement~~ Prima; Bonhams calls another ~~example~~ Ultra Prima. ~~These~~ lot descriptions ~~do not establish a~~ shared caliber number or grade ~~across the reference~~. [https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-15-258 Antiquorum]; [https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-811717 ~~Christie’s~~]; [https://www.collectorsquare.com/en/watches/rolex/oyster/ref-rolex-1073/lpi Bonhams archive]

For [[Reference:1073|ref. 1073]], Antiquorum names a 10½-ligne Extra Prima movement with 15 jewels. David Boettcher reports that Prima movements he has examined are generally 15-jewel, while the Extra Prima and Ultra Prima examples he has examined have 18 jewels. Antiquorum’s description is an exception to that pattern; its catalogue does not explain the mismatch. Christie's describes a 15-jewel Prima, and Bonhams calls another 15-jewel movement Ultra Prima. The lot descriptions give no shared caliber number or reference-wide grade. [https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-15-258 Antiquorum]; [https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-811717 Christie's]; [https://www.collectorsquare.com/en/watches/rolex/oyster/ref-rolex-1073/lpi Bonhams archive]; [https://vintagewatchstraps.com/blogprima.php David Boettcher, movement-grade survey]

For [[Reference:2849|ref. 2849]], two Antiquorum catalogues identify 17-jewel Cal. 500 movements in separate watches dated 1937. Antiquorum’s 2006 note also says Cal. 500 was produced from 1943 to 1953, which conflicts with that lot’s own date and attribution. These attributions belong to those catalogue examples; the records do not settle the reference’s movement range. [https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-108-216 Antiquorum, case 87,464]; [https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-ref-2849-lot-272-145 Antiquorum, case 36,618].

== Bubbleback and early automatic ==

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The rotor is a unidirectional "Perpetual" type that turns through 360 degrees without bumpers or buffers. It is engraved "ROLEX PERPETUAL / CHRONOMETER / SWISS MADE / PATENTED / SUPER-BALANCE," while the three-screw, 18mm cover plate reads "VIS TIRETTE / PATENTED / TRIGGER SCREW." Cal. 620 powered early Bubblebacks. Rolex dates the introduction of its Perpetual rotor to 1931, but that historical account does not name the caliber. Cal. 630 and the related 635 and 645 developed from the same architecture.

~~Reference~~ [[Reference:3134|3134]] ~~has~~ both subsidiary- and centre-seconds ~~examples~~, ~~but its published catalogues do not name~~ a caliber. ~~Do not assign a~~ 620/635 or 630/645 ~~to a particular watch from its seconds layout alone; confirm the movement marking~~. See the reference article for ~~the~~ lot-level evidence.

Published records for [[Reference:3134|3134]] show both subsidiary- and centre-seconds layouts; identify the caliber from its movement marking. Antiquorum’s 1995 Milan lot gives 9½ lignes; Antiquorum’s 1992 lot and Exclusive Timepieces lot 227 give 9¾. Klöter describes lot 443’s anchor movement as intact, without a caliber or winding type. Seconds layout alone cannot distinguish Cal. 620 from 635 or Cal. 630 from 645. See the [https://www.kloeter-auktionen.de/Katalog_185.pdf Klöter catalogue] and reference article for lot-level evidence.

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Unlike the Aegler-built 10½-ligne Hunter family above, Cal. 59 is a bought-in movement: David Boettcher's research on Oyster Watch Co. identifies it as a rebadged Fontainemelon FHF 30 ébauche, the same base Rolex carried over to Tudor as its own Cal. 59 after Tudor's 1946 incorporation. Four auction-catalogued [[Reference:3478|3478]] watches, three from Bonhams and one from Antiquorum, name Cal. 59 directly. Two ref. [[Reference:3136|3136]] lots also identify it: [https://jewelry.ha.com/itm/timepieces/rare-oyster-junior-sport-by-rolex-retailed-by-beyer-stainless-steel-manual-wind-ref-3136-circa-1940/a/5408-54065.s Heritage says the FHF 30 in case 105063 was later called Rolex Cal. 59], and [https://www.waddingtons.ca/auction/wrist-pocket-watches-dec-12-2024/gallery/lot/85/ Waddington's names Cal. 59 for case 147396]. These descriptions apply to those auction lots and do not establish universal fitment in ref. 3136. The Cal. 700/710 assignments below remain family-level matches rather than photographed or catalogued stamps.

Unlike the Aegler-built 10½-ligne Hunter family above, Cal. 59 is a bought-in movement: David Boettcher's research on Oyster Watch Co. identifies it as a rebadged Fontainemelon FHF 30 ébauche, the same base Rolex carried over to Tudor as its own Cal. 59 after Tudor's 1946 incorporation. Four auction-catalogued [[Reference:3478|3478]] watches, three from Bonhams and one from Antiquorum, name Cal. 59 directly. Antiquorum names it on one [[Reference:3121|3121]] Grenfell (case 43,475, 17 jewels). Its structured year field says circa 1938, while the notes call it a 1940s watch and attribute 1938 to the caseback. That is a lot-specific attribution, not evidence that every 3121 used Cal. 59. Two ref. [[Reference:3136|3136]] lots also identify it: [https://jewelry.ha.com/itm/timepieces/rare-oyster-junior-sport-by-rolex-retailed-by-beyer-stainless-steel-manual-wind-ref-3136-circa-1940/a/5408-54065.s Heritage says the FHF 30 in case 105063 was later called Rolex Cal. 59], and [https://www.waddingtons.ca/auction/wrist-pocket-watches-dec-12-2024/gallery/lot/85/ Waddington's names Cal. 59 for case 147396]. These descriptions apply to those auction lots and do not establish universal fitment in ref. 3136. The Cal. 700/710 assignments below remain family-level matches rather than photographed or catalogued stamps.

Jewel count splits 15 and 17 across the four directly-named 3478 watches; the cited 3136 lots give 15 jewels. The 3478 sample does not track cleanly with any other documented variable. [[Reference:2784|2784]] carries the same family attribution, but only at the family level: no auction catalogue names Cal. 59 outright for that reference, and the one movement image tied to a visibly stamped 2784 case has a Tudor-signed bridge that may be a later replacement.

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Cal. 1560 arrived in 1959 as the chronometer-grade 15xx movement, with a free-sprung balance adjusted to temperature and five positions. Auction catalogues give both 25 and 26 jewels without establishing a pattern. Antiquorum usually describes a Breguet overcoil; its flat-hairspring description for one ref. 1502/1503 is an outlier. The Oyster Perpetual ref. 1022 is documented with Cal. 1560 by Bonhams, Pandolfini, Adams, and HODINKEE; Tajan describes an automatic movement but names no caliber. Auction catalogues also identify Cal. 1560 in ref. 1024 examples dated circa 1965/66 and circa 1970. Antiquorum lists Cal. 1560 in a ref. 1011 dated 1960, case 546423, and in two lots jointly catalogued as refs. 1010/1011, dated 1960 and 1962. Heritage also lists Cal. 1560 in an undated ref. 1011 sold in 2012. Heritage and Bonhams list Cal. 1560 in individual ref. 1010 lots dated circa 1962 and circa 1967; Antiquorum lists Cal. 1570 in an individual ref. 1010 circa 1968. The Field Manual lists Cal. 1560 for ref. 1010. These records document both attributions~~; the~~ changeover year remains open~~. See~~ [[Reference:1010|ref. 1010]].

Cal. 1560 arrived in 1959 as the chronometer-grade 15xx movement, with a free-sprung balance adjusted to temperature and five positions. Auction catalogues give both 25 and 26 jewels without establishing a pattern. Antiquorum usually describes a Breguet overcoil; its flat-hairspring description for one ref. 1502/1503 is an outlier. The Oyster Perpetual ref. 1022 is documented with Cal. 1560 by Bonhams, Pandolfini, Adams, and HODINKEE; Tajan describes an automatic movement but names no caliber. Auction catalogues also identify Cal. 1560 in ref. 1024 examples dated circa 1965/66 and circa 1970. Antiquorum lists Cal. 1560 in a ref. 1011 dated 1960, case 546423, and in two lots jointly catalogued as refs. 1010/1011, dated 1960 and 1962. Heritage also lists Cal. 1560 in an undated ref. 1011 sold in 2012. Heritage and Bonhams list Cal. 1560 in individual ref. 1010 lots dated circa 1962 and circa 1967; Antiquorum lists Cal. 1570 in an individual ref. 1010 circa 1968. The Field Manual lists Cal. 1560 for ref. 1010. These records document both attributions for ref. 1010, and its changeover year remains open; see [[Reference:1010|ref. 1010]]. Antiquorum also catalogues Cal. 1560 in a 1963 ref. 1501, case 953,774; see [[Reference:1501|ref. 1501]] and [https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-247-67 the lot record].

Cal. 1560 uses free-sprung Microstella regulation; Cal. 1530 uses an index. Watches made from 1959 to 1965 were tested by the Bureaux Officiels de Contrôle de la Marche des Montres, usually under collective certificates and to a standard around −1/+10 seconds per day in five positions. COSC did not exist until September 1973, so describing an early 1560 as COSC-certified is anachronistic.

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Produced from 1959 to 1965, Cal. 1565 is the early ref. 1675's "caller" GMT movement: its 24-hour hand remains linked to the main hour hand rather than independently adjustable. Rolex kept that layout until Cal. 3085. The 1565 introduced a free-sprung Breguet overcoil with Microstella regulation to this lineage, replacing the index used by earlier sport calibers.

Produced from 1959 to 1965, Cal. 1565 is the early ref. 1675's "caller" GMT movement: its 24-hour hand remains linked to the main hour hand rather than independently adjustable. Rolex kept that layout until Cal. 3085. The 1565 introduced a free-sprung Breguet overcoil with Microstella regulation to this lineage, replacing the index used by earlier sport calibers. The Vintage Rolex Field Manual also lists [[Reference:1500|ref. 1500]] in its Cal. 1565 Date table ([https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/0b5fdf83/files/uploaded/1.0%20RolexBook-23Mar.pdf The Vintage Rolex Field Manual, caliber table]). Auction catalogues for individual early 1500s instead use Cal. 1560 or 1570, so the table entry does not identify the movement in a particular watch.

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Cal. 1570 is the 19,800-vph revision of the 1560, introduced in 1965. Christie’s identifies Cal. 1570 in ref. 1011 case 692498, dated circa 1962; its lot chronology overlaps the ref. 1011 Cal. 1560 examples and does not establish a changeover. See [[Reference:1011|ref. 1011]]. One Artcurial ref. 1005 lot is catalogued with Cal. 1550, despite a chronometer-dial description; other 1005 catalogues list 1560 or 1570. This single lot does not establish a 1005 movement variant or resolve whether the movement is original. It retains the free-sprung Breguet overcoil and Microstella regulation, with adjustment to temperature and five positions. Family-wide bridge engraving causes date movements such as the 1575 in a ref. 1665 to appear marked 1570; the engraving alone does not identify the exact caliber. Phillips identifies Cal. 1570 in a circa-1985 ref. 1024, while Dorotheum lists it on a circa-1965/70 example; ~~the auction~~ dates overlap ~~the~~ Cal. 1560 records.

Cal. 1570 is the 19,800-vph revision of the 1560, introduced in 1965. Christie’s identifies Cal. 1570 in ref. 1011 case 692498, dated circa 1962; its lot chronology overlaps the ref. 1011 Cal. 1560 examples and does not establish a changeover. See [[Reference:1011|ref. 1011]]. One Artcurial ref. 1005 lot is catalogued with Cal. 1550, despite a chronometer-dial description; other 1005 catalogues list 1560 or 1570. This single lot does not establish a 1005 movement variant or resolve whether the movement is original. It retains the free-sprung Breguet overcoil and Microstella regulation, with adjustment to temperature and five positions. Family-wide bridge engraving causes date movements such as the 1575 in a ref. 1665 to appear marked 1570; the engraving alone does not identify the exact caliber. Phillips identifies Cal. 1570 in a circa-1985 ref. 1024, while Dorotheum lists it on a circa-1965/70 example; those ref. 1024 dates overlap its Cal. 1560 records. Christie’s, Antiquorum, Phillips, Dorotheum and Bonhams also catalogue Cal. 1570 in ref. 1501 examples; see [[Reference:1501|ref. 1501]]. These lot labels do not establish a 1501 changeover year.

The balance has four Microstella screws in two opposing pairs, not two. Rolex required equal adjustment within each pair to preserve poise. The larger pair changes rate by about two seconds per day and the smaller by about one. On this family the screws sit in the balance rim; the later 3135 platform moves its Microstella nuts to the inner rim.

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Rolex engraved the 1575 bridge "1570," so that marking on a ref. 1680 or 1675 identifies the caliber family. Factory parts records distinguish 1565G, 1575, 1575G and 1575GMT. Date and GMT versions are separately catalogued builds, and the GMT parts also circulated as a conversion set for a standard 1560 or 1570.

The 1575 shares factory balance assembly 8106 with the 1570 and related family members. It has shock protection on the escape wheel on both dial and movement sides, as well as on the balance. ~~Documented~~ fitments include the Submariner 1680, GMT-Master 1675 from about the 1.4-million serial range, Explorer II 1655 and Sea-Dweller 1665.

The 1575 shares factory balance assembly 8106 with the 1570 and related family members. It has shock protection on the escape wheel on both dial and movement sides, as well as on the balance. The Vintage Rolex Field Manual lists [[Reference:1500|ref. 1500]] as a Date fitment in its Cal. 1575 table ([https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/0b5fdf83/files/uploaded/1.0%20RolexBook-23Mar.pdf The Vintage Rolex Field Manual, caliber table]); auction catalogues more often describe 1500 examples as Cal. 1570, the bridge marking used on date-equipped 1575-family movements. The available records do not identify a watch-specific changeover. Other documented fitments include the Submariner 1680, GMT-Master 1675 from about the 1.4-million serial range, Explorer II 1655 and Sea-Dweller 1665.

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Cal. 722 powered the refs. 6239, 6240 and 6241, including examples with "Paul Newman" dials. Its column wheel controls a horizontal clutch through a coupling yoke. Engagement can make the chronograph hand jump slightly forward or back at the start, a trait later removed by the vertical clutch in Cal. 4130.

The position of the "Rolex Genève" inscription on the dial-side plate distinguishes Cal. 722 from the 722-1 that followed. The designations otherwise overlap: Christie's records Cal. 72B, 722 and 722-1 across ref. 6241 production. The engraving on the movement is more reliable than a date-based attribution.

The position of the "Rolex Genève" inscription on the dial-side plate distinguishes Cal. 722 from the 722-1 that followed. The designations otherwise overlap: Christie's records Cal. 72B, 722 and 722-1 across ref. 6241 production. The engraving on the movement is more reliable than a date-based attribution. Phillips and Sotheby’s catalogues also assign 72B, 722 and 722-1 to individual ref. 6240 watches dated circa 1965–1966. Those lot labels do not establish a serial-number changeover; read the movement engraving.

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~~Introduced in~~ 1967, Cal. 722-1 was the last 18,000 vph Daytona caliber before Cal. 727 raised the frequency. Rolex described it as a Valjoux 72A-based mechanism with the same dimensions as its predecessor; the changes were internal.

Often dated to 1967, Cal. 722-1 was the last 18,000 vph Daytona caliber before Cal. 727 raised the frequency. Sotheby’s catalogues a circa-1965 ref. 6240 with 722-1; that lot attribution does not establish when Rolex first used the caliber. Rolex described it as a Valjoux 72A-based mechanism with the same dimensions as its predecessor; the changes were internal.

The hour-recorder conveyor gained an eccentric pivot and wing-shaped spring, allowing more precise engagement with the hour wheel. A guard spring above the balance was intended to keep the hairspring on its stud support under shock. Giussani records that the guard had already appeared inconsistently on Cal. 722 and caused problems of its own, so many surviving examples of both calibers lack it.

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* [https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/vintagerolexforum/history-of-1530-movement-t23616.html Vintage Rolex Forum — History of the 1530 movement] (introduction c.1957, butterfly rotor, chronometer status)

* [https://www.watchrepairtalk.com/topic/28412-rolex-3135-510-drive-wheel-for-ratchet-appears-to-be-worn-not-winding-watch-enough/ Watch Repair Talk — Rolex 3135-510 ratchet drive wheel wear]

* [https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-ref-3121-oyster-grenfell-lot-376-219 Antiquorum Geneva, 3 April 2025, lot 219]: ref. 3121 Oyster Grenfell, case 43,475, circa 1938, Cal. 59, 17 jewels.

* ''The Vintage Rolex Field Manual'' — Colin A. White, Morning Tundra

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 <div class="rp-era"><div class="rp-era-name">Bubbleback / early automatic</div><div class="rp-chips">[[#cal-520|520]] [[#cal-50|50]] [[#cal-620|620]] [[#cal-630|630]] [[#cal-635|635]] [[#cal-105-hunter|700/710]] [[#cal-600|600]] [[#cal-59|59]] [[#cal-a260|A260]] [[#cal-a296|A296]] [[#cal-a295|A.295]] [[#cal-645|645]] [[#cal-740|740]] [[#cal-745|745]]</div></div>
 <div class="rp-era"><div class="rp-era-name">Calendar / moonphase</div><div class="rp-chips">[[#cal-a295-cpl|A.295 CPL]]</div></div>
+<div class="rp-era"><div class="rp-era-name">Early Oyster (lot attribution)</div><div class="rp-chips">[[#cal-2849-note|2849 (Cal. 500 attribution)]]</div></div>
 <div class="rp-era"><div class="rp-era-name">Oyster / Oysterdate Precision</div><div class="rp-chips">[[#cal-1210|1210]] [[#cal-1215|1215]] [[#cal-1216|1216]] [[#cal-1220|1220]] [[#cal-1225|1225]] [[#cal-1200|1200]]</div></div>
 <div class="rp-era"><div class="rp-era-name">Vintage sport (1950s–80s)</div><div class="rp-chips">[[#cal-1030|1030]] [[#cal-1035|1035]] [[#cal-1036|1036]] [[#cal-1065|1065]] [[#cal-1066|1066]] [[#cal-1530|1530]] [[#cal-1520|1520]] [[#cal-1535|1535]] [[#cal-1525|1525]] [[#cal-1560|1560]] [[#cal-1565|1565]] [[#cal-1570|1570]] [[#cal-1575|1575]]</div></div>
@@ Line 301: / Line 302: @@
 For [[Reference:1072|ref. 1072]], Antiquorum describes 10-ligne, 18-jewel movements in two examples. Bonhams calls a separate example a 15-jewel Prima. Cool Auction labels the movement Cal. 10½ and reports 15 jewels, 18,000 beats per hour and a maximum 38-hour reserve on a Bucherer-signed watch. The same dealer attributes a Superbalance and Breguet hairspring to that movement. Hess Fine Auctions reports a manual 15-jewel movement in its 2023 lot. Watch Collecting describes another example as manual-wind but gives no caliber or jewel count. Toovey’s title calls its circa-1938 example Ultra Prima but gives no movement specification. The Cool Auction caliber label has no corroboration in the other records; the lots do not establish a single movement assignment or grade across the reference. [https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-96-82 Antiquorum, Hong Kong, 1997]; [https://www.collectorsquare.com/en/watches/rolex/prima/lpi Antiquorum and Bonhams archive]; [https://www.cool-auction.net/gallery/23866/ Cool Auction]; [https://www.hessfineauctions.com/auction-lot/superior-rolex-oyster-1072-large-cushion-vintage_98542e8bd8 Hess Fine Auctions, lot 3211]; [https://collecting.com/for-sale/1938-rolex-oyster-2 Watch Collecting]; [https://www.tooveys.com/lots/613066/a-rolex-oyster-ultra-prima-chrome-cushion-cased-gentlemans-wristwatch Toovey’s]
-For [[Reference:1073|ref. 1073]], Antiquorum names a 10½-ligne Extra Prima movement with 15 jewels. Christie’s calls its 15-jewel movement Prima; Bonhams calls another example Ultra Prima. These lot descriptions do not establish a shared caliber number or grade across the reference. [https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-15-258 Antiquorum]; [https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-811717 Christie’s]; [https://www.collectorsquare.com/en/watches/rolex/oyster/ref-rolex-1073/lpi Bonhams archive]
+For [[Reference:1073|ref. 1073]], Antiquorum names a 10½-ligne Extra Prima movement with 15 jewels. David Boettcher reports that Prima movements he has examined are generally 15-jewel, while the Extra Prima and Ultra Prima examples he has examined have 18 jewels. Antiquorum’s description is an exception to that pattern; its catalogue does not explain the mismatch. Christie's describes a 15-jewel Prima, and Bonhams calls another 15-jewel movement Ultra Prima. The lot descriptions give no shared caliber number or reference-wide grade. [https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-15-258 Antiquorum]; [https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-811717 Christie's]; [https://www.collectorsquare.com/en/watches/rolex/oyster/ref-rolex-1073/lpi Bonhams archive]; [https://vintagewatchstraps.com/blogprima.php David Boettcher, movement-grade survey]
+<span id="cal-2849-note"></span>
+For [[Reference:2849|ref. 2849]], two Antiquorum catalogues identify 17-jewel Cal. 500 movements in separate watches dated 1937. Antiquorum’s 2006 note also says Cal. 500 was produced from 1943 to 1953, which conflicts with that lot’s own date and attribution. These attributions belong to those catalogue examples; the records do not settle the reference’s movement range. [https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-108-216 Antiquorum, case 87,464]; [https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-ref-2849-lot-272-145 Antiquorum, case 36,618].
 == Bubbleback and early automatic ==
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 The rotor is a unidirectional "Perpetual" type that turns through 360 degrees without bumpers or buffers. It is engraved "ROLEX PERPETUAL / CHRONOMETER / SWISS MADE / PATENTED / SUPER-BALANCE," while the three-screw, 18mm cover plate reads "VIS TIRETTE / PATENTED / TRIGGER SCREW." Cal. 620 powered early Bubblebacks. Rolex dates the introduction of its Perpetual rotor to 1931, but that historical account does not name the caliber. Cal. 630 and the related 635 and 645 developed from the same architecture.
-Reference [[Reference:3134|3134]] has both subsidiary- and centre-seconds examples, but its published catalogues do not name a caliber. Do not assign a 620/635 or 630/645 to a particular watch from its seconds layout alone; confirm the movement marking. See the reference article for the lot-level evidence.
+Published records for [[Reference:3134|3134]] show both subsidiary- and centre-seconds layouts; identify the caliber from its movement marking. Antiquorum’s 1995 Milan lot gives 9½ lignes; Antiquorum’s 1992 lot and Exclusive Timepieces lot 227 give 9¾. Klöter describes lot 443’s anchor movement as intact, without a caliber or winding type. Seconds layout alone cannot distinguish Cal. 620 from 635 or Cal. 630 from 645. See the [https://www.kloeter-auktionen.de/Katalog_185.pdf Klöter catalogue] and reference article for lot-level evidence.
 <span id="cal-630"></span>
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 |}
-Unlike the Aegler-built 10½-ligne Hunter family above, Cal. 59 is a bought-in movement: David Boettcher's research on Oyster Watch Co. identifies it as a rebadged Fontainemelon FHF 30 ébauche, the same base Rolex carried over to Tudor as its own Cal. 59 after Tudor's 1946 incorporation. Four auction-catalogued [[Reference:3478|3478]] watches, three from Bonhams and one from Antiquorum, name Cal. 59 directly. Two ref. [[Reference:3136|3136]] lots also identify it: [https://jewelry.ha.com/itm/timepieces/rare-oyster-junior-sport-by-rolex-retailed-by-beyer-stainless-steel-manual-wind-ref-3136-circa-1940/a/5408-54065.s Heritage says the FHF 30 in case 105063 was later called Rolex Cal. 59], and [https://www.waddingtons.ca/auction/wrist-pocket-watches-dec-12-2024/gallery/lot/85/ Waddington's names Cal. 59 for case 147396]. These descriptions apply to those auction lots and do not establish universal fitment in ref. 3136. The Cal. 700/710 assignments below remain family-level matches rather than photographed or catalogued stamps.
+Unlike the Aegler-built 10½-ligne Hunter family above, Cal. 59 is a bought-in movement: David Boettcher's research on Oyster Watch Co. identifies it as a rebadged Fontainemelon FHF 30 ébauche, the same base Rolex carried over to Tudor as its own Cal. 59 after Tudor's 1946 incorporation. Four auction-catalogued [[Reference:3478|3478]] watches, three from Bonhams and one from Antiquorum, name Cal. 59 directly. Antiquorum names it on one [[Reference:3121|3121]] Grenfell (case 43,475, 17 jewels). Its structured year field says circa 1938, while the notes call it a 1940s watch and attribute 1938 to the caseback. That is a lot-specific attribution, not evidence that every 3121 used Cal. 59. Two ref. [[Reference:3136|3136]] lots also identify it: [https://jewelry.ha.com/itm/timepieces/rare-oyster-junior-sport-by-rolex-retailed-by-beyer-stainless-steel-manual-wind-ref-3136-circa-1940/a/5408-54065.s Heritage says the FHF 30 in case 105063 was later called Rolex Cal. 59], and [https://www.waddingtons.ca/auction/wrist-pocket-watches-dec-12-2024/gallery/lot/85/ Waddington's names Cal. 59 for case 147396]. These descriptions apply to those auction lots and do not establish universal fitment in ref. 3136. The Cal. 700/710 assignments below remain family-level matches rather than photographed or catalogued stamps.
 Jewel count splits 15 and 17 across the four directly-named 3478 watches; the cited 3136 lots give 15 jewels. The 3478 sample does not track cleanly with any other documented variable. [[Reference:2784|2784]] carries the same family attribution, but only at the family level: no auction catalogue names Cal. 59 outright for that reference, and the one movement image tied to a visibly stamped 2784 case has a Tudor-signed bridge that may be a later replacement.
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-Cal. 1560 arrived in 1959 as the chronometer-grade 15xx movement, with a free-sprung balance adjusted to temperature and five positions. Auction catalogues give both 25 and 26 jewels without establishing a pattern. Antiquorum usually describes a Breguet overcoil; its flat-hairspring description for one ref. 1502/1503 is an outlier. The Oyster Perpetual ref. 1022 is documented with Cal. 1560 by Bonhams, Pandolfini, Adams, and HODINKEE; Tajan describes an automatic movement but names no caliber. Auction catalogues also identify Cal. 1560 in ref. 1024 examples dated circa 1965/66 and circa 1970. Antiquorum lists Cal. 1560 in a ref. 1011 dated 1960, case 546423, and in two lots jointly catalogued as refs. 1010/1011, dated 1960 and 1962. Heritage also lists Cal. 1560 in an undated ref. 1011 sold in 2012. Heritage and Bonhams list Cal. 1560 in individual ref. 1010 lots dated circa 1962 and circa 1967; Antiquorum lists Cal. 1570 in an individual ref. 1010 circa 1968. The Field Manual lists Cal. 1560 for ref. 1010. These records document both attributions; the changeover year remains open. See [[Reference:1010|ref. 1010]].
+Cal. 1560 arrived in 1959 as the chronometer-grade 15xx movement, with a free-sprung balance adjusted to temperature and five positions. Auction catalogues give both 25 and 26 jewels without establishing a pattern. Antiquorum usually describes a Breguet overcoil; its flat-hairspring description for one ref. 1502/1503 is an outlier. The Oyster Perpetual ref. 1022 is documented with Cal. 1560 by Bonhams, Pandolfini, Adams, and HODINKEE; Tajan describes an automatic movement but names no caliber. Auction catalogues also identify Cal. 1560 in ref. 1024 examples dated circa 1965/66 and circa 1970. Antiquorum lists Cal. 1560 in a ref. 1011 dated 1960, case 546423, and in two lots jointly catalogued as refs. 1010/1011, dated 1960 and 1962. Heritage also lists Cal. 1560 in an undated ref. 1011 sold in 2012. Heritage and Bonhams list Cal. 1560 in individual ref. 1010 lots dated circa 1962 and circa 1967; Antiquorum lists Cal. 1570 in an individual ref. 1010 circa 1968. The Field Manual lists Cal. 1560 for ref. 1010. These records document both attributions for ref. 1010, and its changeover year remains open; see [[Reference:1010|ref. 1010]]. Antiquorum also catalogues Cal. 1560 in a 1963 ref. 1501, case 953,774; see [[Reference:1501|ref. 1501]] and [https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-lot-247-67 the lot record].
 Cal. 1560 uses free-sprung Microstella regulation; Cal. 1530 uses an index. Watches made from 1959 to 1965 were tested by the Bureaux Officiels de Contrôle de la Marche des Montres, usually under collective certificates and to a standard around −1/+10 seconds per day in five positions. COSC did not exist until September 1973, so describing an early 1560 as COSC-certified is anachronistic.
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-Produced from 1959 to 1965, Cal. 1565 is the early ref. 1675's "caller" GMT movement: its 24-hour hand remains linked to the main hour hand rather than independently adjustable. Rolex kept that layout until Cal. 3085. The 1565 introduced a free-sprung Breguet overcoil with Microstella regulation to this lineage, replacing the index used by earlier sport calibers.
+Produced from 1959 to 1965, Cal. 1565 is the early ref. 1675's "caller" GMT movement: its 24-hour hand remains linked to the main hour hand rather than independently adjustable. Rolex kept that layout until Cal. 3085. The 1565 introduced a free-sprung Breguet overcoil with Microstella regulation to this lineage, replacing the index used by earlier sport calibers. The Vintage Rolex Field Manual also lists [[Reference:1500|ref. 1500]] in its Cal. 1565 Date table ([https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/0b5fdf83/files/uploaded/1.0%20RolexBook-23Mar.pdf The Vintage Rolex Field Manual, caliber table]). Auction catalogues for individual early 1500s instead use Cal. 1560 or 1570, so the table entry does not identify the movement in a particular watch.
 <span id="cal-1570"></span>
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-Cal. 1570 is the 19,800-vph revision of the 1560, introduced in 1965. Christie’s identifies Cal. 1570 in ref. 1011 case 692498, dated circa 1962; its lot chronology overlaps the ref. 1011 Cal. 1560 examples and does not establish a changeover. See [[Reference:1011|ref. 1011]]. One Artcurial ref. 1005 lot is catalogued with Cal. 1550, despite a chronometer-dial description; other 1005 catalogues list 1560 or 1570. This single lot does not establish a 1005 movement variant or resolve whether the movement is original. It retains the free-sprung Breguet overcoil and Microstella regulation, with adjustment to temperature and five positions. Family-wide bridge engraving causes date movements such as the 1575 in a ref. 1665 to appear marked 1570; the engraving alone does not identify the exact caliber. Phillips identifies Cal. 1570 in a circa-1985 ref. 1024, while Dorotheum lists it on a circa-1965/70 example; the auction dates overlap the Cal. 1560 records.
+Cal. 1570 is the 19,800-vph revision of the 1560, introduced in 1965. Christie’s identifies Cal. 1570 in ref. 1011 case 692498, dated circa 1962; its lot chronology overlaps the ref. 1011 Cal. 1560 examples and does not establish a changeover. See [[Reference:1011|ref. 1011]]. One Artcurial ref. 1005 lot is catalogued with Cal. 1550, despite a chronometer-dial description; other 1005 catalogues list 1560 or 1570. This single lot does not establish a 1005 movement variant or resolve whether the movement is original. It retains the free-sprung Breguet overcoil and Microstella regulation, with adjustment to temperature and five positions. Family-wide bridge engraving causes date movements such as the 1575 in a ref. 1665 to appear marked 1570; the engraving alone does not identify the exact caliber. Phillips identifies Cal. 1570 in a circa-1985 ref. 1024, while Dorotheum lists it on a circa-1965/70 example; those ref. 1024 dates overlap its Cal. 1560 records. Christie’s, Antiquorum, Phillips, Dorotheum and Bonhams also catalogue Cal. 1570 in ref. 1501 examples; see [[Reference:1501|ref. 1501]]. These lot labels do not establish a 1501 changeover year.
 The balance has four Microstella screws in two opposing pairs, not two. Rolex required equal adjustment within each pair to preserve poise. The larger pair changes rate by about two seconds per day and the smaller by about one. On this family the screws sit in the balance rim; the later 3135 platform moves its Microstella nuts to the inner rim.
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 Rolex engraved the 1575 bridge "1570," so that marking on a ref. 1680 or 1675 identifies the caliber family. Factory parts records distinguish 1565G, 1575, 1575G and 1575GMT. Date and GMT versions are separately catalogued builds, and the GMT parts also circulated as a conversion set for a standard 1560 or 1570.
-The 1575 shares factory balance assembly 8106 with the 1570 and related family members. It has shock protection on the escape wheel on both dial and movement sides, as well as on the balance. Documented fitments include the Submariner 1680, GMT-Master 1675 from about the 1.4-million serial range, Explorer II 1655 and Sea-Dweller 1665.
+The 1575 shares factory balance assembly 8106 with the 1570 and related family members. It has shock protection on the escape wheel on both dial and movement sides, as well as on the balance. The Vintage Rolex Field Manual lists [[Reference:1500|ref. 1500]] as a Date fitment in its Cal. 1575 table ([https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/0b5fdf83/files/uploaded/1.0%20RolexBook-23Mar.pdf The Vintage Rolex Field Manual, caliber table]); auction catalogues more often describe 1500 examples as Cal. 1570, the bridge marking used on date-equipped 1575-family movements. The available records do not identify a watch-specific changeover. Other documented fitments include the Submariner 1680, GMT-Master 1675 from about the 1.4-million serial range, Explorer II 1655 and Sea-Dweller 1665.
 <span id="gmt-branch"></span>
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 Cal. 722 powered the refs. 6239, 6240 and 6241, including examples with "Paul Newman" dials. Its column wheel controls a horizontal clutch through a coupling yoke. Engagement can make the chronograph hand jump slightly forward or back at the start, a trait later removed by the vertical clutch in Cal. 4130.
-The position of the "Rolex Genève" inscription on the dial-side plate distinguishes Cal. 722 from the 722-1 that followed. The designations otherwise overlap: Christie's records Cal. 72B, 722 and 722-1 across ref. 6241 production. The engraving on the movement is more reliable than a date-based attribution.
+The position of the "Rolex Genève" inscription on the dial-side plate distinguishes Cal. 722 from the 722-1 that followed. The designations otherwise overlap: Christie's records Cal. 72B, 722 and 722-1 across ref. 6241 production. The engraving on the movement is more reliable than a date-based attribution. Phillips and Sotheby’s catalogues also assign 72B, 722 and 722-1 to individual ref. 6240 watches dated circa 1965–1966. Those lot labels do not establish a serial-number changeover; read the movement engraving.
 <span id="cal-722-1"></span>
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-Introduced in 1967, Cal. 722-1 was the last 18,000 vph Daytona caliber before Cal. 727 raised the frequency. Rolex described it as a Valjoux 72A-based mechanism with the same dimensions as its predecessor; the changes were internal.
+Often dated to 1967, Cal. 722-1 was the last 18,000 vph Daytona caliber before Cal. 727 raised the frequency. Sotheby’s catalogues a circa-1965 ref. 6240 with 722-1; that lot attribution does not establish when Rolex first used the caliber. Rolex described it as a Valjoux 72A-based mechanism with the same dimensions as its predecessor; the changes were internal.
 The hour-recorder conveyor gained an eccentric pivot and wing-shaped spring, allowing more precise engagement with the hour wheel. A guard spring above the balance was intended to keep the hairspring on its stud support under shock. Giussani records that the guard had already appeared inconsistently on Cal. 722 and caused problems of its own, so many surviving examples of both calibers lack it.
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 * [https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/vintagerolexforum/history-of-1530-movement-t23616.html Vintage Rolex Forum — History of the 1530 movement] (introduction c.1957, butterfly rotor, chronometer status)
 * [https://www.watchrepairtalk.com/topic/28412-rolex-3135-510-drive-wheel-for-ratchet-appears-to-be-worn-not-winding-watch-enough/ Watch Repair Talk — Rolex 3135-510 ratchet drive wheel wear]
+* [https://catalog.antiquorum.swiss/en/lots/rolex-ref-3121-oyster-grenfell-lot-376-219 Antiquorum Geneva, 3 April 2025, lot 219]: ref. 3121 Oyster Grenfell, case 43,475, circa 1938, Cal. 59, 17 jewels.
 * ''The Vintage Rolex Field Manual'' — Colin A. White, Morning Tundra